In ancient Indian political thought, the concept of 'Dharma' emphasized the importance of social order and harmony. The state was seen as the guardian of 'Dharma' and its primary function was to uphold and enforce it.

The Arthashastra, written by Kautilya, is an ancient Indian text that is widely regarded as the foundational work on political thought and statecraft. It covers a wide range of topics, including the nature of the state, the duties of the king, and the principles of governance.

Kautilya's Arthashastra emphasizes the importance of the state's role in promoting the welfare of the citizens. He believed that the state should strive to ensure the happiness and prosperity of its people.

The concept of 'Rajadharma' in ancient Indian political thought encompasses the duties and responsibilities of the king. It outlines the ethical and moral obligations of the ruler towards their subjects and the state.

Mahatma Gandhi, the prominent Indian leader and philosopher, advocated for a state based on the principle of 'Ahimsa' (non-violence). He believed that the state should strive to resolve conflicts and achieve social change through peaceful means.

B.R. Ambedkar, the architect of the Indian constitution, emphasized the importance of individual liberty and limited government in modern Indian political thought. He argued for a state that respects and protects the fundamental rights of its citizens.

Jayaprakash Narayan, a prominent Indian socialist leader, advocated for a decentralized and participatory form of government. He believed that power should be distributed among various levels of government and that citizens should have a direct say in decision-making.

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, a prominent Indian nationalist and philosopher, advocated for a 'Hindu Rashtra' (Hindu nation). He believed that India should be a state where Hindus have a dominant role and their culture and values are upheld.

Amartya Sen, a Nobel laureate in economics and philosopher, has criticized the concept of a 'Hindu Rashtra' and argued for a secular and inclusive state. He believes that India's diversity should be celebrated and that the state should promote equality and justice for all citizens.

B.R. Ambedkar, a prominent Indian social reformer and politician, emphasized the importance of social justice and economic equality in modern Indian political thought. He advocated for the upliftment of marginalized communities and the eradication of caste-based discrimination.

Jayaprakash Narayan, a prominent Indian socialist leader, advocated for a 'Gandhian Socialism' that combines elements of socialism and Gandhian principles. He believed that socialism should be rooted in non-violence, decentralization, and participatory democracy.

Vandana Shiva, an environmental activist and philosopher, has argued for a 'Swaraj' (self-rule) that emphasizes local autonomy and community-based decision-making. She believes that communities should have the power to determine their own development and protect their natural resources.

M.N. Roy, an Indian revolutionary and philosopher, criticized the modern state for its excessive power and argued for a 'minimal state' that respects individual liberty. He believed that the state should have a limited role in society and should focus on protecting individual rights and freedoms.

Ashis Nandy, an Indian sociologist and political philosopher, has argued for a 'post-secular' state that recognizes the importance of religion in public life. He believes that the state should not be hostile to religion but should allow for its expression in the public sphere.

Amartya Sen, a Nobel laureate in economics and philosopher, has argued for a 'rights-based' approach to governance that emphasizes the protection of individual rights and freedoms. He believes that the state has a duty to protect the rights of all citizens, regardless of their social or economic status.