The Ancient Maya civilization in Mesoamerica developed a complex calendar system and made significant astronomical observations, influenced by their religious beliefs and the need to track time for agricultural and ceremonial purposes.

Celestial Anthropomorphism refers to the belief that celestial bodies or astronomical phenomena possess human-like qualities, characteristics, or personalities, often attributing divine or supernatural powers to them.

Ptolemy, a Greek astronomer and mathematician, developed a geocentric model of the universe, known as the Ptolemaic system, which was widely accepted in the Western world for centuries.

Qibla refers to the direction towards the Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, which is determined through astronomical observations and calculations. Muslims face the Qibla during their daily prayers.

The Bible, particularly the Book of Genesis, contains references to astronomical phenomena, including the creation of the universe, the movement of the sun, moon, and stars, and the concept of a celestial sphere.

Initially, astronomy was primarily driven by religious beliefs and practices. Early astronomers observed the night sky to understand celestial phenomena, which were often associated with gods, spirits, or supernatural forces.

The Ancient Britons constructed megalithic structures like Stonehenge, which are believed to have been used for astronomical observations, such as tracking the movement of the sun and moon.

Astrology refers to the belief that the positions and movements of celestial bodies, such as planets and stars, can influence human affairs and events, including personality, relationships, and life outcomes.

Creationism refers to the belief that the universe was created by a divine being or beings, often based on religious texts or traditions.

The Ancient Babylonians developed a sophisticated system of astronomy, including the creation of star charts and the identification of constellations. Their observations and records played a significant role in the development of astronomy.

Naturalism refers to the belief that the universe is governed by natural laws and processes, without the intervention of supernatural forces. It is often contrasted with supernatural or religious explanations of the universe.

The Ancient Incas constructed elaborate temples and observatories aligned with astronomical events, such as the solstices and equinoxes. These structures served both religious and astronomical purposes.

Pantheism refers to the belief that the universe is a manifestation of a divine consciousness or energy. It is often contrasted with theism, which posits a transcendent God separate from the universe.

The Ancient Phoenicians developed a system of astronomy based on observations of the night sky, including the creation of star charts and the identification of constellations. They used this knowledge for navigation and timekeeping during their extensive seafaring voyages.

Teleology refers to the belief that the universe is governed by a divine plan or purpose. It is often contrasted with naturalism, which posits that the universe operates according to natural laws without any inherent purpose.