Cometary nuclei are primarily composed of ice and dust, with a mixture of various organic molecules and minerals.

C. V. Raman, an Indian physicist, conducted pioneering research on the spectra of comets, providing insights into the composition and structure of cometary nuclei.

Sublimation is the process by which cometary nuclei release gas and dust as they approach the Sun and are heated by its radiation.

The Rosetta mission, a joint project between the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA, successfully landed a probe named Philae on the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014.

Cometary nuclei typically range in size from 1 to 10 kilometers in diameter, although some larger nuclei have been observed.

The coma is the bright, glowing envelope that surrounds a cometary nucleus and is formed by the sublimation of gases and dust from the nucleus.

Solar radiation pressure is the primary mechanism responsible for the formation of cometary tails, as it pushes the dust and gas particles away from the nucleus in a direction opposite to the Sun.

The Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) has been actively involved in the study of cometary nuclei and their activity, conducting observations and research using various telescopes and instruments.

Fragmentation is the process by which cometary nuclei split into multiple fragments, often due to various factors such as tidal forces, collisions, or internal stresses.

The Indian Deep Space Mission (IDSM) aimed to study a cometary nucleus and was planned to rendezvous with comet 103P/Hartley 2, although the mission was eventually canceled.

COSIMA (Cometary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer) was an instrument onboard the Rosetta spacecraft that analyzed the composition of cometary dust particles by measuring their mass and chemical composition.

J. N. Goswami, an Indian scientist, was involved in the analysis of data from the COSIMA instrument on the Rosetta mission, contributing to the study of cometary dust composition.

Rotation is the process by which cometary nuclei spin around their own axis, resulting in the variation of their surface features and activity patterns.

The Vainu Bappu Observatory in Kavalur, India, has been used for observations of cometary nuclei and their activity, particularly in the optical and infrared wavelengths.

The Indian Deep Space Mission (IDSM) was a planned Indian spacecraft mission that aimed to study a cometary nucleus, but it was eventually canceled due to various factors.