Aristotle's writings on ethics and politics included discussions on the importance of respecting the natural world and living in harmony with it.

Thoreau's writings, particularly his book "Walden", emphasized the value of wilderness and the importance of preserving natural landscapes.

Biocentrism places intrinsic value on all life forms, recognizing their right to exist and flourish.

Arne Næss developed the deep ecology philosophy, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of all living beings and the need for a radical shift in human values and behavior towards the environment.

Carson's book "Silent Spring" exposed the devastating impact of pesticides on wildlife and human health, leading to increased public concern and environmental regulations.

Leopold's land ethic calls for a responsible and ethical approach to land use, considering the long-term health of ecosystems and the well-being of future generations.

Agenda 21, adopted at the Earth Summit in 1992, provides a comprehensive plan for achieving sustainable development, addressing issues such as poverty, environmental protection, and resource conservation.

Ecological footprint measures the amount of land and resources required to sustain a particular lifestyle or activity, considering factors like food production, energy consumption, and waste generation.

Intergenerational equity requires decision-makers to consider the potential consequences of their actions on future generations, ensuring that the environment is preserved for their benefit.

The tragedy of the commons refers to the situation where individuals acting in their own self-interest overuse a shared resource, leading to its depletion or degradation.

The precautionary principle states that when there is a threat of serious or irreversible damage to the environment, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent or minimize such damage.

The polluter pays principle aims to discourage pollution by making polluters financially responsible for the costs of cleaning up their pollution.

Sustainable development seeks to balance economic growth with environmental protection and social justice, aiming for a future where both human well-being and the health of the planet can thrive together.

The circular economy aims to minimize waste and pollution by designing products and systems that can be reused, repaired, and recycled, rather than being discarded as waste.

The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, sets a goal of limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, with efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius, in order to avoid dangerous climate change impacts.