Plato believed that music, along with the other arts, is a representation or imitation of the Forms, which are the perfect and eternal ideas that exist in the realm of the divine.

Aristotle believed that music has the power to provide pleasure, educate, and catharsis (emotional release).

Pythagoras believed that music is a form of mathematics, and that the relationships between musical notes can be expressed in mathematical terms.

Plotinus believed that the highest form of music is that which is inspired by the divine, and that such music can lead to a state of ecstasy or union with the divine.

Confucius believed that music can be used to promote social harmony and to create a sense of community.

Schopenhauer believed that music is the direct expression of the will, and that it can communicate the will's essential nature in a way that words cannot.

Langer argued that music is a form of symbolic language that can express emotions, ideas, and stories.

Adorno believed that music is both a reflection of the social conditions in which it is created and a critique of those conditions.

Nietzsche believed that music can be used to achieve self-knowledge and to overcome the limitations of the self.

Derrida believed that music is a form of deconstruction that undermines the traditional notions of meaning and representation.

Spencer believed that music can be used to relieve stress, improve mood, and promote overall well-being.

Dewey believed that music can be used to develop intellectual, emotional, and social skills.

Otto believed that music can be a means of experiencing the sacred and the divine.

James believed that music can both express and arouse emotions.

Kant believed that music is a form of art because it is a free and purposeless activity that is capable of producing aesthetic pleasure.