The primary purpose of a contract in engineering projects is to create a legally enforceable agreement between the parties involved, outlining their rights, responsibilities, and obligations.

Turnkey contracts are not typically used in engineering projects, as they involve a single contractor taking full responsibility for the entire project, from design to completion. In engineering, contracts are typically divided into smaller, specialized contracts for different aspects of the project.

A liquidated damages clause aims to predetermine the compensation to be paid in case one party breaches the contract. This helps avoid lengthy and costly litigation to determine the damages.

Litigation, or taking the dispute to court, is generally not the preferred method of dispute resolution in engineering contracts. Arbitration and mediation are more commonly used, as they are often faster, less expensive, and more confidential.

The doctrine of substantial performance recognizes that in engineering projects, it may not be possible to achieve perfect compliance with the contract. As long as the party has substantially fulfilled their obligations, they are generally considered to have performed the contract.

A warranty in an engineering contract serves to ensure that the completed project meets the agreed-upon specifications and standards. It provides a level of assurance to the client that the work will be performed to the required quality.

Integrated project delivery (IPD) contracts are not as common in construction projects as the other options listed. IPD contracts involve a collaborative approach where all parties work together from the early stages of the project, which is less common in traditional construction contracting.

A force majeure clause aims to protect parties from liability in situations where they are unable to fulfill their contractual obligations due to unforeseen events beyond their control, such as natural disasters or strikes.

Product liability is not typically a concern in engineering contracts, as it relates to the liability of manufacturers for defective products. In engineering contracts, liability is more commonly associated with negligence, breach of contract, or strict liability for certain hazardous activities.

A termination clause outlines the specific circumstances or events that would allow either party to terminate the contract before its completion. It defines the rights and obligations of both parties in such situations.

Unit price contracts are less commonly used in engineering projects compared to the other options listed. Unit price contracts involve paying a predetermined price for each unit of work completed, which is not as common in engineering as fixed-price, cost-plus, or time-and-materials contracts.

A change order is a written amendment to an engineering contract that modifies the scope, specifications, or terms of the original agreement. It is used when changes to the project are necessary during its execution.

Performance bond insurance is not typically required in engineering contracts. Performance bonds are financial guarantees provided by a surety company to ensure that the contractor will fulfill their contractual obligations. They are more common in construction contracts than in general engineering agreements.

A payment bond serves as a financial guarantee that the contractor will pay subcontractors and suppliers for their work and materials, protecting the client from potential financial losses in case of non-payment.

Litigation, or taking the dispute to court, is generally not the preferred method of dispute resolution in international engineering contracts due to its time-consuming and expensive nature. Arbitration, mediation, and expert determination are more commonly used in international disputes, as they are often faster, less costly, and more confidential.