Source criticism is a fundamental aspect of historical methodology, involving the evaluation and analysis of historical sources to determine their authenticity, reliability, and relevance.

Historiography refers to the study of the history of history writing, examining how historians have interpreted and represented historical events and themes over time.

The Great Man Theory posits that history is primarily driven by the actions and decisions of influential individuals, often referred to as 'great men.'

Historical revisionism refers to the process of reexamining and reinterpreting historical events and narratives based on new evidence, perspectives, or interpretations.

Primary sources are historical documents, artifacts, or records that were created during the time period being studied and provide firsthand accounts of past events.

Historical synthesis involves combining and interpreting evidence from various sources to create a cohesive and comprehensive narrative of past events.

The Annales School is a historical approach that focuses on the study of long-term historical patterns, structures, and processes, examining how these factors shape historical change.

Historical memory refers to the study of how individuals and societies remember and interpret past events, and how these memories shape their understanding of the present and future.

Discourse analysis is a historical method that examines language, texts, and discourse to understand the social, cultural, and political contexts in which they were produced and the meanings they convey.

Microhistory is a historical approach that focuses on the study of small-scale, local communities and the experiences of ordinary people, examining their daily lives, interactions, and social dynamics.

Marxism is a historical school of thought that emphasizes the role of class struggle and economic factors in shaping historical change, arguing that the ownership and control of resources and the means of production determine social and political structures.

The history of science and technology is a field of study that examines the development of scientific knowledge, technological innovations, and their impact on society and culture over time.

Cliometrics is a historical method that uses quantitative data and statistical analysis to study economic and social history, examining historical trends, patterns, and relationships.

Gender history is a field of study that examines the history of gender roles, identities, and relationships, as well as the social and cultural constructions of masculinity and femininity.

Cultural history is a historical approach that emphasizes the role of culture, values, beliefs, and ideas in shaping historical change, examining how these factors influence social, political, and economic developments.