The primary responsibility of a carrier is to deliver goods safely and on time. This includes taking all necessary steps to protect the goods from damage or loss, as well as ensuring that they are delivered to the correct destination within the agreed-upon timeframe.

In most cases, a carrier is liable for the full value of the goods that are lost or damaged during shipment. This is because the carrier is considered to be a bailee, which means that it has a duty to take care of the goods and to deliver them safely to their destination.

A carrier can avoid liability for lost or damaged goods by proving that the loss or damage was caused by an act of God, an act of the shipper, or an inherent vice of the goods. An act of God is an event that is outside of the carrier's control, such as a natural disaster. An act of the shipper is an action or omission by the shipper that causes the loss or damage, such as improper packaging. An inherent vice of the goods is a defect in the goods themselves that causes them to be damaged, such as a perishable item that spoils.

In general, a shipper is not liable for any loss or damage to the goods that occurs during shipment. This is because the shipper is not considered to be a bailee, which means that it does not have a duty to take care of the goods. However, a shipper may be liable for loss or damage to the goods if it was caused by the shipper's negligence.

A shipper can avoid liability for lost or damaged goods by proving that the loss or damage was caused by an act of God, an act of the carrier, or an inherent vice of the goods.

The main difference between a common carrier and a private carrier is that a common carrier is required to transport goods for anyone who requests it, while a private carrier is not. Common carriers are also typically required to have a license to operate, while private carriers are not.

A common carrier is liable for the full value of goods that are lost or damaged during shipment. This is because common carriers are considered to be bailees, which means that they have a duty to take care of the goods and to deliver them safely to their destination.

A common carrier can avoid liability for lost or damaged goods by proving that the loss or damage was caused by an act of God, an act of the shipper, or an inherent vice of the goods.

A private carrier is liable for the depreciated value of goods that are lost or damaged during shipment. This is because private carriers are not considered to be bailees, which means that they do not have a duty to take care of the goods. However, private carriers may be liable for the full value of the goods if they were lost or damaged due to the carrier's negligence.

A private carrier can avoid liability for lost or damaged goods by proving that the loss or damage was caused by an act of God, an act of the shipper, or an inherent vice of the goods.

A bill of lading is a document that evidences the contract of carriage between the shipper and the carrier. It typically includes information such as the names of the shipper and carrier, the description of the goods being shipped, the origin and destination of the shipment, and the freight charges. A shipping receipt is a document that acknowledges that the carrier has received the goods from the shipper. It typically includes information such as the date and time of receipt, the description of the goods, and the number of packages.

If a carrier has issued a bill of lading, it is liable for the full value of the goods that are lost or damaged during shipment. This is because the bill of lading is a negotiable instrument, which means that it can be transferred from one person to another. As a result, the carrier is liable to the holder of the bill of lading for the full value of the goods, even if the carrier was not negligent.

A carrier can avoid liability for lost or damaged goods if it can prove that the loss or damage was caused by an act of God, an act of the shipper, or an inherent vice of the goods.

If a carrier has not issued a bill of lading, it is liable for the depreciated value of the goods that are lost or damaged during shipment. This is because the carrier is not considered to be a bailee, which means that it does not have a duty to take care of the goods. However, the carrier may be liable for the full value of the goods if they were lost or damaged due to the carrier's negligence.

A carrier can avoid liability for lost or damaged goods if it can prove that the loss or damage was caused by an act of God, an act of the shipper, or an inherent vice of the goods.