The Nyaya school holds that the primary purpose of language is to convey information, allowing individuals to communicate their thoughts and ideas to others.

The Mimamsa school posits the concept of 'sphota', which refers to the indivisible, holistic nature of a word or sentence. It is believed that the meaning of a word or sentence is not derived from its individual parts but rather from the whole.

Abhidha refers to the direct and primary relationship between a word and its meaning. It is the literal and conventional association between a word and the object or concept it represents.

Vedanta, particularly the Advaita Vedanta school, explores the relationship between language, thought, and reality. It posits that the limitations of language can hinder our understanding of the true nature of reality, which is ultimately ineffable.

Laksana refers to the secondary or implied meaning of a word or phrase, which is derived from its primary meaning through figurative or metaphorical usage.

Vyapti, also known as 'pervasion', is a key concept in Navya-Nyaya. It refers to the invariable and necessary connection between two properties or concepts, such that the presence of one implies the presence of the other.

Anvaya refers to the process of understanding the meaning of a word or sentence by connecting it to other words or concepts within a larger context.

Charvaka, a materialist school of Indian philosophy, views language as a conventional tool used for practical purposes rather than a means of expressing absolute truth.

Vachya refers to the relationship between a word and the object or concept it represents. It is the direct and primary meaning of a word.

Maya is a central concept in Advaita Vedanta. It refers to the illusion or veil of ignorance that obscures the true nature of reality. Language, according to Advaita Vedanta, is a product of Maya and is limited in its ability to express the ultimate truth.

Vibhakti refers to the relationship between a word and its various grammatical forms, such as case endings, declensions, and conjugations.

Vedanta, particularly the Advaita Vedanta school, places great emphasis on the role of language in understanding the nature of reality. It explores the limitations of language in expressing the ultimate truth but also recognizes its significance in conveying spiritual insights.

Anumana refers to the process of deriving new knowledge from existing knowledge through linguistic reasoning. It involves making inferences and drawing conclusions based on logical arguments.

Syadvada is a central concept in Jaina philosophy. It refers to the principle of multiple perspectives and the idea that truth can be expressed from different viewpoints. Language, according to Jaina philosophy, is a tool for expressing these multiple perspectives.

Nirukta refers to the relationship between a word and its etymology or historical origin. It is the study of the origins and meanings of words.