The primary goal of criminal law is to protect society from harm by deterring crime, punishing criminals, and rehabilitating them.

Positivist theory emphasizes the role of social and economic factors, such as poverty, inequality, and lack of opportunity, in causing crime.

Social learning theory proposes that individuals learn criminal behavior through interaction with others, particularly those who are involved in criminal activity.

Rational choice theory assumes that criminals are rational actors who weigh the costs and benefits of committing a crime before making a decision.

Labeling theory suggests that individuals who are labeled as criminals are more likely to engage in criminal behavior because of the negative consequences associated with the label.

Routine activities theory proposes that crime is more likely to occur when there is a motivated offender, a suitable target, and a lack of guardianship.

Differential association theory suggests that individuals learn criminal behavior through interaction with others, particularly those who are involved in criminal activity.

Social control theory proposes that crime is less likely to occur when individuals are integrated into society and have strong social bonds.

Rehabilitation is the process of helping individuals who have been convicted of crimes to change their behavior and become productive members of society.

Routine activities theory proposes that crime is more likely to occur when there is a motivated offender, a suitable target, and a lack of guardianship.

Incapacitation is the process of preventing individuals from committing crimes by removing them from society, either through imprisonment or other means.

Systemic theory proposes that crime is a product of the interactions between various components of the criminal justice system, including law enforcement, the courts, and corrections.

Deterrence is the process of discouraging individuals from committing crimes by the fear of punishment.

Conflict theory proposes that crime is a product of social inequality and the conflict between different social groups.

Parole is the process by which individuals are released from prison or jail before serving their full sentence, typically under the supervision of a parole officer.