Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta philosophy, emphasizing the unity of the self and the divine, resonated with Transcendentalist thinkers like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

Advaita Vedanta posits Brahman, the ultimate reality, as the underlying unity of all existence, emphasizing the non-duality of the self and the divine.

Arthur Schopenhauer was profoundly influenced by the Upanishads and incorporated their teachings on the illusory nature of the world and the importance of self-denial into his own philosophical system.

Samsara refers to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth in Indian philosophy, where individuals are bound by their actions (karma) and desires.

Mahatma Gandhi was a prominent advocate of Ahimsa, non-violence, as a means of social and political change, inspiring movements worldwide.

Moksha refers to the state of liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth, where the individual attains spiritual enlightenment and unity with the divine.

Bertrand Russell and Jiddu Krishnamurti engaged in a renowned debate on the nature of consciousness and reality, discussing topics like the self, knowledge, and the limits of language.

Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam is a Sanskrit phrase that translates to 'the world is one family,' emphasizing the interconnectedness and unity among all living beings.

Jiddu Krishnamurti's teachings on meditation and mindfulness, emphasizing self-awareness and liberation from conditioning, resonated with Western audiences and influenced fields like psychology and psychotherapy.

Karma refers to the concept of selfless action in Indian philosophy, where individuals perform their duties without attachment to the outcomes or rewards, focusing on the inherent value of the action itself.

Arthur Schopenhauer was influenced by the Indian concept of Maya, the illusory nature of the world, and incorporated it into his own philosophy, positing that the world we perceive is a veil of illusion obscuring the true reality.

Dharma refers to the concept of cosmic order, duty, and righteousness in Indian philosophy, encompassing moral and ethical principles that guide individual and societal conduct.

Jiddu Krishnamurti's teachings on non-dualism and the unity of consciousness resonated with Western audiences, influencing spiritual and philosophical thought and challenging conventional notions of self and reality.

Bhakti refers to the concept of devotion and surrender to the divine in Indian philosophy, emphasizing the emotional and spiritual connection between the individual and the divine.

Bertrand Russell and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan engaged in a renowned dialogue, discussing the relationship between Eastern and Western philosophical traditions and exploring topics like metaphysics, ethics, and the nature of reality.