Genetic engineering is a field of biotechnology that involves the manipulation of an organism's genes to alter its characteristics. It is not a direct application of microbiology, as it does not involve the use of microorganisms.

Bacteria, particularly certain species of Streptomyces and Bacillus, are commonly used in the production of antibiotics. These bacteria produce natural compounds that have antibacterial or antifungal properties, which can be extracted and used to treat infections.

Bioremediation is the process of using microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, to break down and remove environmental pollutants. This process can be used to clean up contaminated soil, water, and air.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a type of yeast, is responsible for the fermentation of grapes in wine production. This yeast converts the sugars in grape juice into ethanol and carbon dioxide, resulting in the production of wine.

Bacteria, particularly lactic acid bacteria (LAB), are commonly used in the production of cheese. These bacteria ferment the lactose in milk, producing lactic acid and other compounds that give cheese its characteristic flavor and texture.

Biofuel production is the process of using microorganisms, such as bacteria and algae, to convert biomass into biofuels, such as ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. These biofuels can be used as renewable energy sources.

Penicillium chrysogenum, a type of fungus, is responsible for the production of penicillin, a widely used antibiotic. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 and has since revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections.

Biodegradation is the process of using microorganisms to break down organic matter into simpler substances. This process is essential for the treatment of sewage, as it helps to remove harmful pollutants and contaminants from wastewater.

Lactobacillus bulgaricus, a type of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), is commonly used in the production of yogurt. This bacterium ferments the lactose in milk, producing lactic acid and other compounds that give yogurt its characteristic flavor and texture.

Vaccination is the process of using microorganisms, such as attenuated or inactivated viruses or bacteria, to stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against a specific disease. This process helps to protect individuals from future infections.

Streptomyces erythreus, a type of bacteria, is responsible for the production of the antibiotic erythromycin. Erythromycin is a widely used antibiotic that is effective against a variety of bacterial infections.

Enzyme production is the process of using microorganisms to produce enzymes for industrial applications. Enzymes are used in a variety of industries, including the food, pharmaceutical, and detergent industries.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a type of yeast, is commonly used in the production of beer. This yeast ferments the sugars in wort, a liquid made from malted barley, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide, resulting in the production of beer.

Bioplastic production is the process of using microorganisms to produce bioplastics, which are biodegradable and renewable alternatives to traditional plastics. Bioplastics are made from plant-based materials, such as corn starch or sugarcane, and are more environmentally friendly than traditional plastics.

Streptomyces aureofaciens, a type of bacteria, is responsible for the production of the antibiotic tetracycline. Tetracycline is a widely used antibiotic that is effective against a variety of bacterial infections.