Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a measure of the total value of goods and services produced in an economy, and it does not directly value environmental resources.

The Travel Cost Method assumes that the value of an environmental resource is reflected in the travel expenses people are willing to incur to visit it.

The Hedonic Pricing Method assumes that the value of an environmental resource is reflected in the prices of properties located near or affected by the resource.

The Contingent Valuation Method directly asks people how much they are willing to pay for an environmental resource or how much they would be willing to accept as compensation for a loss of the resource.

All of the options are challenges associated with the economic valuation of environmental resources. Lack of market data, uncertainty and subjectivity in valuation methods, and difficulty in isolating the effects of environmental resources can make it challenging to accurately estimate their value.

Cost-Benefit Analysis is a comprehensive tool that can be used to evaluate the economic efficiency, estimate the value, and analyze the distributional impacts of a project or policy.

The Total Economic Value (TEV) of an environmental resource encompasses use value (direct and indirect uses), non-use value (existence and bequest values), and option value (value of preserving the resource for future use).

Existence value is a non-use value that reflects the value people place on the mere existence of an environmental resource, regardless of whether they directly use it or not.

Option value is the value people place on the option to use an environmental resource in the future, even if they do not currently use it.

A limitation of the economic valuation of environmental resources is that it is not always possible to accurately estimate their value due to challenges such as lack of market data, uncertainty and subjectivity in valuation methods, and difficulty in isolating the effects of environmental resources.

Economic valuation of environmental resources can be used to inform decision-making about environmental policies, set prices for environmental goods and services, and design incentive mechanisms for environmental protection.

Carbon tax, payments for ecosystem services, and cap-and-trade system are all examples of incentive mechanisms that can be used to encourage individuals and organizations to protect the environment.

The economic valuation of environmental resources is important because it helps decision-makers understand the trade-offs involved in environmental policies, provides a basis for setting prices for environmental goods and services, and informs the design of incentive mechanisms for environmental protection.

Clean air, water purification, and carbon sequestration are all examples of environmental goods or services that provide benefits to society.

The economic valuation of environmental resources can contribute to sustainable development, environmental conservation, and efficient allocation of resources.