Near-Death Experience (NDE) refers to the subjective experiences reported by individuals who have come close to death or have experienced a life-threatening event.

Near-death experiences are often characterized by a sense of peace and tranquility, encountering a bright light, and feeling separated from the physical body. Intense pain is not typically associated with NDEs.

Out-of-Body Experience (OBE) refers to the feeling of being separated from one's physical body during a near-death experience.

Near-death experiences are often characterized by a sense of timelessness, encountering deceased loved ones, and feeling a sense of purpose or mission. Hallucinations are not typically associated with NDEs.

The Survival Hypothesis suggests that near-death experiences provide evidence for the existence of an afterlife, where consciousness continues after physical death.

Common interpretations of near-death experiences include them being a product of the brain's response to濒死状态, evidence of a spiritual realm, or a glimpse into a parallel universe. Psychological factors are not typically considered a common interpretation.

The Neurological Hypothesis suggests that near-death experiences are a result of the brain's response to濒死状态, such as changes in brain chemistry or activity.

Common research methods for studying near-death experiences include surveys and questionnaires, interviews with NDE experiencers, and neuroimaging studies. Controlled experiments are not typically feasible due to the unpredictable nature of NDEs.

The Spiritual Hypothesis suggests that near-death experiences are a result of spiritual or supernatural factors, such as the existence of a soul or a higher power.

Common ethical considerations in the study of near-death experiences include respecting the privacy and confidentiality of experiencers, ensuring informed consent from participants, and avoiding leading or suggestive questions. Offering financial compensation to participants is not typically considered an ethical concern.

The Psychological Hypothesis suggests that near-death experiences are a result of psychological factors, such as stress, anxiety, or trauma, rather than spiritual or supernatural causes.

Common criticisms of the research on near-death experiences include lack of standardized methodology, small sample sizes, and bias in participant selection. Inconsistent findings are not typically considered a criticism, as NDEs are subjective and highly personal experiences.

The Multifactorial Hypothesis suggests that near-death experiences are a result of a combination of factors, including both physiological and psychological processes, rather than a single cause.

Common areas of ongoing research in the study of near-death experiences include exploring cultural variations in NDEs, investigating the relationship between NDEs and mental health, and studying the neurobiological correlates of NDEs. Examining the potential therapeutic benefits of NDEs is not typically a common area of research.

The Parallel Universe Hypothesis suggests that near-death experiences are a result of a glimpse into a parallel universe or alternate reality, where consciousness can exist independently of the physical body.