Maximize overall happiness.

Minimize overall suffering.

Promote individual liberty.

Uphold social justice.

John Stuart Mill

Jeremy Bentham

David Hume

Immanuel Kant

A method for measuring pleasure and pain.

A formula for calculating the greatest good.

A principle for resolving moral dilemmas.

A theory of human motivation.

Act utilitarianism focuses on the consequences of individual actions, while rule utilitarianism focuses on the consequences of general rules.

Act utilitarianism is more concerned with individual rights, while rule utilitarianism is more concerned with social welfare.

Act utilitarianism is more subjective, while rule utilitarianism is more objective.

Act utilitarianism is more difficult to apply, while rule utilitarianism is easier to apply.

A thought experiment involving a runaway trolley and a group of people on the tracks.

A moral dilemma involving a choice between saving one person or five people.

A philosophical puzzle about the nature of moral responsibility.

A test of one's ability to make quick decisions under pressure.

It is too focused on maximizing happiness and ignores other moral considerations.

It is too subjective and relies on individual preferences.

It is too difficult to apply in practice.

It is incompatible with the concept of individual rights.

It seeks to distribute resources equally among all members of society.

It seeks to distribute resources based on merit or contribution to society.

It seeks to distribute resources based on need.

It seeks to distribute resources based on a combination of factors, including equality, merit, and need.

Intrinsic value is the value of something for its own sake, while instrumental value is the value of something as a means to an end.

Intrinsic value is the value of something that is good in itself, while instrumental value is the value of something that is good as a means to something else.

Intrinsic value is the value of something that is desired for its own sake, while instrumental value is the value of something that is desired as a means to something else.

Intrinsic value is the value of something that is important in itself, while instrumental value is the value of something that is important as a means to something else.

The principle that the best action is the one that produces the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.

The principle that the best action is the one that produces the greatest amount of pleasure for the greatest number of people.

The principle that the best action is the one that produces the greatest amount of utility for the greatest number of people.

The principle that the best action is the one that produces the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people.

Positive utilitarianism focuses on maximizing pleasure, while negative utilitarianism focuses on minimizing pain.

Positive utilitarianism focuses on promoting happiness, while negative utilitarianism focuses on preventing unhappiness.

Positive utilitarianism focuses on increasing the overall level of happiness, while negative utilitarianism focuses on reducing the overall level of unhappiness.

Positive utilitarianism focuses on creating more happy experiences, while negative utilitarianism focuses on reducing the number of unhappy experiences.

Consequentialism evaluates the morality of an action based on its consequences, while deontology evaluates the morality of an action based on its inherent rightness or wrongness.

Consequentialism focuses on the ends, while deontology focuses on the means.

Consequentialism is more concerned with the outcome, while deontology is more concerned with the process.

Consequentialism is more subjective, while deontology is more objective.

Egoism is the belief that one should act in their own self-interest, while altruism is the belief that one should act in the best interests of others.

Egoism is the belief that one should maximize their own happiness, while altruism is the belief that one should maximize the happiness of others.

Egoism is the belief that one should promote their own well-being, while altruism is the belief that one should promote the well-being of others.

Egoism is the belief that one should pursue their own goals, while altruism is the belief that one should pursue the goals of others.

A moral rule is a specific rule that tells us what we should or should not do in a particular situation, while a moral principle is a general principle that guides our moral thinking and decision-making.

A moral rule is a rule that is based on tradition or custom, while a moral principle is a rule that is based on reason.

A moral rule is a rule that is enforced by law, while a moral principle is a rule that is enforced by conscience.

A moral rule is a rule that applies to everyone, while a moral principle is a rule that applies only to certain people or groups.

A moral dilemma is a situation in which we are faced with two or more conflicting moral obligations, while a moral conflict is a situation in which we are faced with a choice between two or more morally acceptable options.

A moral dilemma is a situation in which we are faced with a choice between two or more morally unacceptable options, while a moral conflict is a situation in which we are faced with a choice between two or more morally acceptable options.

A moral dilemma is a situation in which we are faced with a choice between two or more morally acceptable options, while a moral conflict is a situation in which we are faced with a choice between two or more morally unacceptable options.

A moral dilemma is a situation in which we are faced with a choice between two or more morally acceptable options, while a moral conflict is a situation in which we are faced with a choice between two or more morally unacceptable options.