A fuel cell in an automotive context is designed to generate electricity through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, which is then used to power the electric motor of the vehicle.

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are widely used in automotive applications due to their high efficiency, relatively low operating temperature, and compact design.

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, making them a more environmentally friendly alternative to conventional gasoline-powered vehicles.

The lack of a well-developed hydrogen refueling infrastructure is a major barrier to the widespread adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel produced from plant oils or animal fats, typically used as a substitute for diesel fuel in vehicles.

Ethanol is a renewable fuel that can be produced from various plant sources, and its use as an alternative fuel helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional gasoline.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a mixture of propane and butane stored in a liquid state and commonly used as an alternative fuel in vehicles like taxis and buses.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a cost-effective alternative fuel that is typically less expensive than gasoline.

Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) is an alternative fuel produced from coal or natural gas through a process called gasification.

Electric vehicles face several challenges, including limited driving range, high cost of batteries, and the lack of a well-developed charging infrastructure.

Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in electric vehicles due to their high energy density, long lifespan, and relatively low weight.

Solid-state batteries offer several advantages, including higher energy density, faster charging times, and improved safety compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries.

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) can be recharged by plugging them into an external power source.

The primary difference between HEVs and PHEVs is that PHEVs can be recharged using an external power source, while HEVs cannot.

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) use a combination of an internal combustion engine and an electric motor to power the vehicle.