Fuel cells generate electricity through a chemical reaction between a fuel (typically hydrogen) and an oxidant (typically oxygen), producing water and electricity as byproducts.

PEMFCs use a solid polymer electrolyte, typically Nafion, which allows protons to pass through while blocking electrons.

SOFCs can utilize various fuels, including natural gas, propane, and biogas, making them suitable for stationary power generation.

SOFCs operate at high temperatures, typically above 600°C, which allows for efficient electrochemical reactions and fuel flexibility.

DMFCs have the advantage of using liquid methanol as fuel, which is easier to store and transport compared to gaseous fuels like hydrogen.

AFCs were the first type of fuel cells used in space applications due to their high efficiency and ability to operate in zero-gravity environments.

The high cost of production and the lack of a well-developed hydrogen infrastructure are major challenges hindering the widespread commercialization of fuel cells.

Both the anode and cathode contain catalysts that facilitate the electrochemical reactions in a fuel cell.

The primary product of the electrochemical reaction in a fuel cell is electricity, generated through the transfer of electrons from the anode to the cathode.

DMFCs are often used in portable applications due to their compact size, low operating temperature, and ability to use liquid methanol as fuel.

Degradation refers to the gradual loss of performance in a fuel cell over time due to factors such as catalyst poisoning, membrane degradation, and electrode corrosion.

PEMFCs use an acidic electrolyte, typically Nafion, which allows protons to pass through while blocking electrons.

SOFCs have the advantage of higher efficiency compared to other types of fuel cells, typically achieving efficiencies above 60%.

The membrane in a fuel cell separates the anode and cathode compartments, allowing ions to pass through while preventing the mixing of fuel and oxidant.

The lack of a well-developed hydrogen infrastructure, including production, storage, and distribution systems, is a major challenge for the widespread adoption of hydrogen-powered fuel cells.