The United Nations, through its various agencies and programs, plays a crucial role in coordinating humanitarian assistance and promoting respect for international humanitarian law.

The ICRC has a broad mandate that includes providing humanitarian assistance, promoting respect for international humanitarian law, and acting as a neutral intermediary in armed conflicts.

The International Criminal Court is responsible for investigating and prosecuting individuals accused of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide, which are violations of international humanitarian law.

Regional organizations play a significant role in enforcing international humanitarian law by promoting compliance, providing humanitarian assistance, and mediating armed conflicts within their regions.

The United Nations Security Council has the authority to enforce international humanitarian law through a variety of measures, including authorizing the use of force, imposing sanctions, and referring cases to the International Criminal Court.

NGOs play a crucial role in enforcing international humanitarian law by providing humanitarian assistance, monitoring and reporting violations, and advocating for compliance.

The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols are considered the cornerstone of international humanitarian law, as they set out the fundamental rules for the protection of civilians and other non-combatants in armed conflicts.

The principle of distinction requires parties to armed conflicts to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants, military and civilian objects, and direct and indirect attacks, in order to minimize harm to civilians and civilian objects.

The principle of proportionality requires parties to armed conflicts to use only the amount of force necessary to achieve a military objective, to avoid causing excessive collateral damage, and to weigh the military advantage of an attack against the potential harm to civilians.

The principle of necessity requires parties to armed conflicts to use only the amount of force necessary to achieve a military objective, to avoid causing excessive collateral damage, and to weigh the military advantage of an attack against the potential harm to civilians.

The principle of humanity requires parties to armed conflicts to treat wounded and sick combatants humanely, to protect civilians from the effects of armed conflict, and to provide medical care to the wounded and sick.

The principle of non-discrimination requires parties to armed conflicts to treat all persons equally, regardless of their race, religion, or political beliefs, to provide humanitarian assistance to all persons in need, regardless of their affiliation, and to respect the rights of all persons, regardless of their status.

The principle of responsibility requires states to ensure that their armed forces comply with international humanitarian law, to investigate and prosecute violations of international humanitarian law, and to provide reparations to victims of violations of international humanitarian law.

The principle of accountability requires individuals to comply with international humanitarian law, to be held accountable for violations of international humanitarian law, and states to ensure that individuals are held accountable for violations of international humanitarian law.

The principle of universality requires all states to comply with international humanitarian law, to investigate and prosecute violations of international humanitarian law, and to provide reparations to victims of violations of international humanitarian law.