Minerals are naturally occurring, solid, inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure. They are the building blocks of rocks.

The three main types of rocks are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock. Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediment. Metamorphic rocks are formed from the alteration of existing rocks by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

Quartz is the most common mineral in the Earth's crust. It is a hard, crystalline mineral with a chemical composition of SiO₂. Quartz is found in a variety of rocks, including granite, sandstone, and quartzite.

Diamond is the hardest mineral on the Mohs scale, with a hardness of 10. Diamond is a crystalline form of carbon and is used in a variety of industrial and jewelry applications.

Oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust, making up about 46% of its mass. Oxygen is found in a variety of minerals, including quartz, feldspar, and mica.

Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock. Igneous rocks can be classified into two main types: intrusive and extrusive. Intrusive igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies within the Earth's crust. Extrusive igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies on the Earth's surface.

Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediment. Sediment is material that has been weathered and eroded from existing rocks. Sedimentary rocks can be classified into three main types: clastic, chemical, and organic. Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and compaction of fragments of existing rocks. Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed from the precipitation of minerals from solution. Organic sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and compaction of the remains of plants and animals.

Metamorphic rocks are formed from the alteration of existing rocks by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. Metamorphic rocks can be classified into two main types: regional and contact. Regional metamorphic rocks are formed when large areas of rock are subjected to heat and pressure over a long period of time. Contact metamorphic rocks are formed when rocks are subjected to heat and pressure from the intrusion of magma.

Basalt is the most common type of igneous rock. Basalt is a dark-colored, fine-grained rock that is formed from the cooling and solidification of lava. Basalt is found in a variety of locations, including the ocean floor, the continents, and the moon.

Sandstone is the most common type of sedimentary rock. Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock that is formed from the accumulation and compaction of sand grains. Sandstone is found in a variety of locations, including deserts, beaches, and riverbeds.

Slate is the most common type of metamorphic rock. Slate is a fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock that is formed from the alteration of shale by heat and pressure. Slate is found in a variety of locations, including mountains, hills, and valleys.

Minerals are naturally occurring, solid, inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure. Rocks are naturally occurring, solid aggregates of one or more minerals.

The three main types of rock-forming minerals are silicates, carbonates, and oxides. Silicates are the most common type of rock-forming mineral and are composed of silicon, oxygen, and other elements. Carbonates are composed of carbon, oxygen, and other elements. Oxides are composed of oxygen and other elements.

Feldspar is the most common type of silicate mineral. Feldspar is a group of minerals that are composed of silicon, oxygen, aluminum, and other elements. Feldspar is found in a variety of rocks, including granite, sandstone, and gneiss.

Calcite is the most common type of carbonate mineral. Calcite is a mineral that is composed of calcium, carbon, and oxygen. Calcite is found in a variety of rocks, including limestone, marble, and chalk.

Hematite is the most common type of oxide mineral. Hematite is a mineral that is composed of iron and oxygen. Hematite is found in a variety of rocks, including iron ore, sandstone, and shale.