Protons are subatomic particles with a positive charge and a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu). They are one of the three main components of an atom, along with neutrons and electrons.

Neutrons are subatomic particles with no charge and a mass of approximately 1 amu. They are one of the three main components of an atom, along with protons and electrons.

Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative charge and a mass of approximately 1/1836 amu. They orbit the nucleus of an atom in discrete energy levels.

The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in its nucleus. It determines the element to which the atom belongs.

The mass number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. It is approximately equal to the atomic mass of the atom.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

Radioactive decay is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation. This can occur through various types of decay, such as alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay.

Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle, which consists of two protons and two neutrons.

Beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a beta particle, which can be either an electron or a positron.

Gamma decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a gamma ray, which is a high-energy photon.

Nuclear fission is the process by which a heavy atomic nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei, releasing a great amount of energy.

Nuclear fusion is the process by which two or more atomic nuclei combine to form a single heavier nucleus, releasing a great amount of energy.

Gluons are subatomic particles that mediate the strong nuclear force, which binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom.

W and Z bosons are subatomic particles that mediate the weak nuclear force, which is responsible for certain types of radioactive decay.

Photons are subatomic particles that mediate the electromagnetic force, which is responsible for the interactions between charged particles.