Marxism emphasizes the role of class conflict between the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (working class) in shaping work and politics.

The reserve army of labor theory argues that the existence of a large pool of unemployed workers weakens the bargaining power of the working class, as employers can easily replace striking or demanding workers with unemployed workers.

Exploitation refers to the process by which workers are forced to sell their labor power to capitalists in order to survive, and in which the value of their labor is greater than the wages they receive.

Alienation refers to the idea that workers become estranged from their labor, the products of their labor, and their fellow workers under capitalism.

Fetishization of commodities refers to the process by which commodities are given a social and cultural significance beyond their use value.

The right to work refers to the idea that workers' struggles and demands are often framed in terms of rights and citizenship rather than class interests.

Labor law refers to the process by which the state intervenes in the economy to regulate labor relations and protect workers' rights.

Pluralism refers to the idea that the state is a neutral arbiter between labor and capital.

Collective bargaining refers to the process by which labor unions and employers negotiate wages, benefits, and working conditions.

Social democracy refers to the idea that the state should play an active role in promoting economic equality and social justice.

Welfare state refers to the process by which the state provides social welfare programs such as unemployment benefits, healthcare, and pensions.

Keynesianism refers to the idea that the state should intervene in the economy to regulate prices, wages, and profits.

Monetarism refers to the process by which the state reduces government spending and regulation in order to stimulate economic growth.

Monetarism refers to the idea that the state should promote economic growth and stability by controlling the money supply.

Privatization refers to the process by which the state privatizes public assets and services.