The Sun's corona

The Sun's core

The Sun's photosphere

The Sun's chromosphere

Mostly protons and electrons

Mostly helium nuclei

Mostly hydrogen atoms

Mostly oxygen atoms

100-300 km/s

1000-3000 km/s

10,000-30,000 km/s

100,000-300,000 km/s

The region of space around Earth influenced by its magnetic field

The region of space around Earth influenced by its gravitational field

The region of space around Earth influenced by its electric field

The region of space around Earth influenced by its radiation belts

It compresses the magnetosphere on the dayside and stretches it on the nightside

It causes the magnetosphere to rotate with the Earth

It causes the magnetosphere to expand and contract

It causes the magnetosphere to become unstable

A disturbance in the Earth's magnetic field caused by the solar wind

A disturbance in the Earth's magnetic field caused by the Earth's rotation

A disturbance in the Earth's magnetic field caused by the Earth's orbit around the Sun

A disturbance in the Earth's magnetic field caused by the Earth's tilt on its axis

Auroras, power outages, and disruptions to satellite communications

Earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions

Floods, droughts, and wildfires

Hurricanes, tornadoes, and blizzards

Natural light displays in the sky, primarily in high-latitude regions

Natural light displays in the sky, primarily in low-latitude regions

Natural light displays in the sky, primarily in mid-latitude regions

Natural light displays in the sky, primarily in polar regions

The interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's magnetosphere

The interaction of the Earth's magnetic field with the Earth's atmosphere

The interaction of the Earth's rotation with the Earth's atmosphere

The interaction of the Earth's orbit around the Sun with the Earth's atmosphere

Aurora borealis and aurora australis

Aurora borealis and aurora orientalis

Aurora borealis and aurora occidentalis

Aurora borealis and aurora septentrionalis

It drives space weather phenomena such as geomagnetic storms and auroras

It drives space weather phenomena such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections

It drives space weather phenomena such as sunspots and solar prominences

It drives space weather phenomena such as solar eclipses and lunar eclipses

By using satellites and ground-based instruments to monitor space weather

By using solar panels and wind turbines to generate electricity

By using electric cars and bicycles to reduce our carbon footprint

By using trees and plants to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

To understand space weather and its impact on our planet

To understand the Sun's behavior and its impact on the solar system

To understand the Earth's magnetic field and its role in protecting our planet

To understand the Earth's atmosphere and its role in regulating our climate

The vastness of space and the difficulty in making direct observations

The complexity of the solar wind and its interactions with the Earth's magnetosphere

The lack of long-term data on space weather phenomena

The limited resources available for space research

Developing new instruments and techniques for observing the solar wind and its interactions with the Earth's magnetosphere

Conducting long-term studies of space weather phenomena to better understand their causes and effects

Developing models and simulations to predict space weather events and their impact on our planet

Collaborating with other countries and international organizations to share data and resources for space weather research