Beneficence

Non-maleficence

Autonomy

Justice

Declaration of Helsinki

Belmont Report

Nuremberg Code

Common Rule

To protect the researcher from legal liability

To ensure that participants are fully aware of the risks and benefits of the study

To obtain permission from participants to use their data for research purposes

To document that participants have been informed about the study

Beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice

Autonomy, beneficence, and non-maleficence

Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice

Autonomy, respect for persons, and justice

To review and approve research protocols involving human subjects

To ensure that researchers are qualified to conduct the study

To monitor the conduct of the study and protect the rights of participants

All of the above

Clinical trials are conducted to test the effectiveness of a new treatment, while observational studies are conducted to observe the natural course of a disease.

Clinical trials are conducted with healthy volunteers, while observational studies are conducted with patients who have a disease.

Clinical trials are conducted in a laboratory setting, while observational studies are conducted in a real-world setting.

Clinical trials are more expensive than observational studies.

Obtaining informed consent from participants

Protecting the privacy of participants

Ensuring that the benefits of the study outweigh the risks

All of the above

The positive effect of a treatment that is not due to the treatment itself

The negative effect of a treatment that is not due to the treatment itself

The effect of a treatment that is due to the patient's expectations

The effect of a treatment that is due to the doctor's expectations

The negative effect of a treatment that is not due to the treatment itself

The positive effect of a treatment that is not due to the treatment itself

The effect of a treatment that is due to the patient's expectations

The effect of a treatment that is due to the doctor's expectations

Phase I trials are conducted to test the safety of a new treatment, while Phase III trials are conducted to test the effectiveness of a new treatment.

Phase I trials are conducted with a small number of participants, while Phase III trials are conducted with a large number of participants.

Phase I trials are conducted in a laboratory setting, while Phase III trials are conducted in a real-world setting.

All of the above

To review the safety data from the trial and make recommendations to the researchers

To ensure that the trial is conducted in accordance with the protocol

To protect the rights of participants

All of the above

In an RCT, participants are randomly assigned to the treatment group or the control group, while in an NRCT, participants are not randomly assigned.

RCTs are more expensive than NRCTs.

RCTs are more likely to produce biased results than NRCTs.

RCTs are more difficult to conduct than NRCTs.

In a double-blind trial, neither the participants nor the researchers know which treatment the participants are receiving, while in an open-label trial, both the participants and the researchers know which treatment the participants are receiving.

Double-blind trials are more expensive than open-label trials.

Double-blind trials are more likely to produce biased results than open-label trials.

Double-blind trials are more difficult to conduct than open-label trials.

In a cohort study, researchers follow a group of people over time to see who develops a disease, while in a case-control study, researchers compare people who have a disease to people who do not have the disease.

Cohort studies are more expensive than case-control studies.

Cohort studies are more likely to produce biased results than case-control studies.

Cohort studies are more difficult to conduct than case-control studies.

In a cross-sectional study, researchers collect data from a group of people at one point in time, while in a longitudinal study, researchers collect data from the same group of people over time.

Cross-sectional studies are more expensive than longitudinal studies.

Cross-sectional studies are more likely to produce biased results than longitudinal studies.

Cross-sectional studies are more difficult to conduct than longitudinal studies.