Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and describe data, providing insights into the central tendencies, variability, and distribution of student performance.

Inferential statistics allow researchers to make inferences about the population based on a sample, enabling comparisons between different groups of students or the examination of relationships between variables.

A histogram is a graphical representation that shows the distribution of data by dividing the range of values into bins and displaying the frequency of data points in each bin.

Machine learning algorithms can be trained on historical data to learn patterns and relationships, enabling them to make predictions about student performance on future assessments.

Formative assessments are used to provide feedback to students during the learning process, helping them identify areas where they need improvement. Quizzes are a common example of formative assessment.

Summative assessments are used to evaluate student learning at the end of a unit or course, providing a measure of student achievement.

Reliability assessment in student assessment includes test-retest reliability (consistency of scores over time), inter-rater reliability (agreement among multiple raters), and internal consistency reliability (consistency of scores across items within an assessment).

Validity assessment in student assessment aims to ensure that an assessment accurately measures the intended learning outcomes or skills.

Norm-referenced assessments compare a student's performance to the performance of other students in a defined population.

Criterion-referenced assessments evaluate a student's performance against predetermined criteria or learning objectives.

Authentic assessments require students to demonstrate their learning through real-world tasks or performances.

Portfolios are used to collect and showcase a student's work over time, providing a comprehensive view of their learning progress and achievements.

Exit tickets are short assessments given at the end of a lesson or class to assess student understanding and identify areas where they need additional support.

Rubrics provide clear and specific criteria for evaluating student work, ensuring consistency and fairness in assessment.

End-of-chapter tests are summative assessments used to evaluate student learning at the end of a unit or chapter.