Clonic seizures are the most common type of neonatal seizure, characterized by rhythmic, jerking movements of the limbs, trunk, or face.

Hypoxia-ischemia, or lack of oxygen and blood flow to the brain, is the most common cause of neonatal seizures, often occurring during or shortly after birth.

The primary goal of treatment for neonatal seizures is to stop the seizure, prevent recurrence, and correct the underlying cause, if possible.

Phenobarbital is commonly used as the first-line treatment for neonatal seizures due to its effectiveness and relatively low side effect profile.

Treatment for neonatal seizures is typically continued for at least 24 hours after the last seizure to prevent recurrence.

Sedation is the most common side effect of phenobarbital in neonates, which can range from mild drowsiness to deep coma.

Prolonged seizures in neonates can lead to brain damage, developmental delay, metabolic disturbances, and other serious complications.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is commonly used to evaluate the cause of neonatal seizures by recording the electrical activity of the brain.

Video-EEG monitoring plays a crucial role in the management of neonatal seizures by helping to diagnose seizures, differentiate them from other paroxysmal events, and guide treatment decisions.

Prolonged seizures in neonates can lead to complications such as status epilepticus, hypoglycemia, hyperthermia, and other metabolic disturbances.

In cases of neonatal seizures that are refractory to first-line treatment, the approach may involve increasing the dosage of the first-line medication, adding a second anticonvulsant, or considering alternative treatment options such as ketogenic diet or surgery.

Neonatal seizures can have long-term outcomes such as epilepsy, neurodevelopmental impairment, cerebral palsy, and other neurological sequelae.

Early recognition and treatment of neonatal seizures are crucial to prevent long-term neurological complications, improve the chances of seizure control, reduce the risk of mortality, and optimize the overall outcome for the newborn.

Prematurity, low birth weight, and maternal infection are all risk factors for neonatal seizures.

The prognosis for neonates with seizures depends on the underlying cause and severity of seizures, with some neonates having favorable outcomes while others may experience long-term neurological complications.