The Heartland Theory, proposed by Halford Mackinder, argues that whoever controls the Eurasian heartland, which includes Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Siberia, will have the potential to dominate the world.

Sea Power Theory, advocated by Alfred Thayer Mahan, emphasizes the importance of naval power and maritime trade in shaping a nation's geopolitical position and global influence.

Balance of Power Theory, rooted in classical geopolitical thought, posits that states seek to maintain a balance among themselves to prevent any one state from becoming too powerful and threatening the stability of the international system.

Chokepoint Theory highlights the strategic significance of controlling narrow passages that serve as critical gateways for international trade and energy transportation.

The concept of Spheres of Influence suggests that states have a legitimate claim to exert influence and control over certain regions based on historical, cultural, or strategic considerations.

Democratic Peace Theory posits that democracies are less likely to go to war with each other due to shared values, institutional constraints, and economic interdependence.

Economic Power Theory emphasizes the importance of a state's economic resources, industrial capacity, and technological prowess in shaping its geopolitical position and global influence.

Realist Theory, rooted in classical geopolitical thought, assumes that states are primarily concerned with their own survival and security in a world where there is no overarching authority to enforce rules or resolve conflicts.

Collective Security is the idea that states can collectively maintain peace and security by agreeing to come to each other's aid in the event of an attack or aggression.

Hegemonic Stability Theory posits that a single dominant state, or hegemon, can provide stability and order to the international system by enforcing rules, resolving conflicts, and promoting cooperation.

Domestic Politics Theory emphasizes the influence of domestic factors, such as public opinion, interest groups, and political institutions, on a state's foreign policy decisions.

Complex Interdependence Theory highlights the interconnectedness of states and non-state actors in the global system, and how their interactions can lead to cooperation, conflict, and interdependence.

Cultural Theory emphasizes the role of culture in shaping states' foreign policies, arguing that cultural values, beliefs, and identities influence how states perceive and interact with each other.

Dependency Theory posits that the global economy is divided into core, semi-periphery, and periphery regions, and that the core regions exploit the semi-periphery and periphery regions, leading to economic inequality and political instability.

Geographic Determinism argues that a state's geography, including its location, natural resources, and climate, plays a significant role in shaping its foreign policy and geopolitical behavior.