DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) serves as the primary genetic material in humans and most other organisms, carrying genetic instructions and information essential for life.

Genes, segments of DNA located on chromosomes, hold the instructions for synthesizing proteins and determine an individual's traits and characteristics.

Alleles are different versions of a gene that occupy the same locus on homologous chromosomes, contributing to genetic variation and determining an individual's traits.

Down Syndrome, also known as Trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to developmental and physical abnormalities.

Karyotype refers to the complete set of chromosomes in an organism, typically arranged in pairs and analyzed to identify chromosomal abnormalities or genetic disorders.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a widely used genetic testing technique that amplifies specific regions of DNA, allowing for the detection of mutations, variations, and genetic abnormalities.

Medical Genetics focuses on the study of genetic factors and their role in human health and disease, aiming to understand the genetic basis of disorders, develop diagnostic tools, and provide genetic counseling.

Turner Syndrome, also known as Monosomy X, is a genetic disorder caused by the absence of one sex chromosome in females, leading to developmental and physical abnormalities.

Inheritance refers to the process by which genetic information is passed from parents to offspring, determining the traits and characteristics of the next generation.

Klinefelter Syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome in males, leading to developmental and physical abnormalities.

Population Genetics focuses on the study of genetic variation within populations, examining the distribution and frequency of genetic alleles, and investigating the forces that shape genetic diversity.

Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic disorder characterized by the presence of sickle-shaped red blood cells, leading to anemia, pain crises, and various health complications.

Mitosis is the process by which cells divide to produce genetically identical daughter cells, ensuring the growth and repair of tissues.

XYY Syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by the presence of an extra Y chromosome in males, typically leading to subtle physical and behavioral differences.

Meiosis is the process by which genetic information is shuffled and recombined during sexual reproduction, resulting in the production of gametes (eggs and sperm) with unique genetic combinations.