Causation is the philosophical concept that explores the relationship between events and their causes, examining how one event brings about another.

Musical causation refers to the relationship between a musical event and its perceived effect on the listener, exploring how music can cause emotions, thoughts, and physical responses.

Susanne Langer is a philosopher known for her theory of expressive causation, which posits that music can cause emotions by expressing them, rather than merely representing them.

Musical evocation refers to the idea that music can directly affect the physical and mental state of the listener, causing changes in mood, arousal, and physiological responses.

Richard Wagner is known for his use of leitmotifs, or recurring musical themes associated with specific characters or ideas, which he employed extensively in his operas to create a sense of unity and coherence.

Musical expression refers to the idea that music can communicate emotions and ideas without relying on words or language, conveying feelings and concepts through its inherent qualities.

Plato believed that music could provide a glimpse into the metaphysical realm and reveal truths about the universe, as it is a form of art that transcends the limitations of language and reason.

Musical therapy is the use of music to improve the physical and mental health of individuals, employing music to reduce stress, improve mood, and promote relaxation.

Arnold Schoenberg is known for his use of atonality, or the absence of a traditional tonal center, in his music, which challenged traditional notions of harmony and tonality.

Musical association refers to the idea that music can evoke memories, associations, and emotions connected to past experiences, creating a sense of nostalgia or familiarity.

Friedrich Nietzsche argued that music is a form of knowledge that can reveal truths about the human condition, as it is a direct expression of the inner life and emotions.

Musical universals refer to the idea that certain musical elements and structures are found across cultures, suggesting that music has a universal language that can be understood by people from different backgrounds.

Igor Stravinsky is known for his use of polytonality, or the simultaneous use of two or more keys, in his music, which created a sense of dissonance and complexity.

Musical influence refers to the idea that music can influence behavior and shape social interactions, affecting mood, behavior, and social dynamics.

Friedrich Nietzsche argued that music is a form of play that allows individuals to express their creativity and imagination, as it is a spontaneous and non-rational activity.