Mehmed II, also known as Mehmed the Conqueror, led the Ottoman forces to victory in the Siege of Constantinople in 1453, capturing the city and ending the Byzantine Empire.

Istanbul, formerly known as Constantinople, served as the capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1453 until the empire's dissolution in 1922.

Suleiman I, who ruled from 1520 to 1566, is often referred to as "Suleiman the Magnificent" due to his military conquests, administrative reforms, and patronage of the arts.

The Sipahis were a class of cavalry soldiers who formed the backbone of the Ottoman military. They were granted land in exchange for military service.

Mahmud II, who ruled from 1808 to 1839, implemented a series of reforms known as the Tanzimat, which aimed to modernize the Ottoman Empire and bring it in line with European powers.

Mehmed VI, who reigned from 1918 to 1922, was the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He was deposed after the empire's defeat in World War I.

Egypt was considered to be the "Jewel of the Empire" due to its strategic location, fertile land, and economic importance.

The Millet system allowed non-Muslim communities in the Ottoman Empire to maintain their own religious and cultural autonomy.

Mehmed I, who ruled from 1413 to 1421, is known as "Mehmed the Lawgiver" for his efforts to codify and reform the Ottoman legal system.

The Janissaries were an elite infantry unit that formed the core of the Ottoman military for centuries.

Bayezid I, who ruled from 1389 to 1402, expanded the Ottoman Empire into Europe by conquering the Balkans and reaching as far as Hungary.

The Devsirme system was a system of forced labor in which young Christian boys from conquered territories were taken and trained to serve in the Ottoman military and administration.

Mehmed II is often referred to as "Mehmed the Conqueror" for his conquest of Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine Empire.

Bursa was the first capital city of the Ottoman Empire, from 1326 to 1365.

Murad I, who ruled from 1362 to 1389, is known as "Murad the Just" for his fair and just rule.