The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a comprehensive legal framework that governs data protection and privacy in the European Union and the European Economic Area.

Data protection and privacy laws aim to protect personal data from unauthorized access and use, ensure the accuracy and integrity of personal data, and promote transparency and accountability in the processing of personal data.

Accountability is not a fundamental principle of data protection and privacy. The fundamental principles include lawfulness, fairness, and transparency, purpose limitation, and data minimization.

Consent, in the context of data protection and privacy, refers to the freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous indication of the data subject's wishes regarding the processing of their personal data.

Data masking is not a technical safeguard for protecting data in engineering systems. Encryption, authentication, and authorization are common technical safeguards used to protect data.

A privacy policy serves multiple purposes, including informing data subjects about the collection, use, and disclosure of their personal data, obtaining consent from data subjects for processing their personal data, and complying with legal requirements.

Economic efficiency is not an ethical consideration in data protection and privacy. Transparency and accountability, respect for individual autonomy and privacy, and fairness and equity are ethical considerations that guide data protection and privacy practices.

Data protection officers (DPOs) play a crucial role in ensuring compliance with data protection and privacy laws, advising organizations on data protection and privacy matters, and conducting data protection impact assessments.

Using encryption techniques is not a best practice for anonymizing data. Encryption protects data from unauthorized access and use, but it does not anonymize the data.

Data subject rights refer to the rights of individuals to access, rectify, erase, and restrict the processing of their personal data.

Denial-of-service attacks are not a common type of data breach in engineering systems. Malware attacks, phishing attacks, and SQL injection attacks are more common types of data breaches.

A data protection impact assessment (DPIA) serves multiple purposes, including identifying and assessing the risks associated with the processing of personal data, determining the appropriate technical and organizational measures to mitigate the risks, and documenting the processing of personal data.

Medical records are not a common type of personal data processed in engineering systems. Names, addresses, and financial information are more common types of personal data processed in engineering systems.

Privacy by design refers to the practice of considering data protection and privacy requirements at the design stage of engineering systems.

Manufacturing systems are not a common type of engineering system that processes personal data. Healthcare systems, financial systems, and transportation systems are more common types of engineering systems that process personal data.