Resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to recover from disturbances and maintain its structure and function.

Permafrost is the permanently frozen ground in polar and subpolar regions, where the ground temperature remains below 0°C for at least two consecutive years.

Temperature is the main factor that determines the distribution of permafrost. Permafrost is found in areas where the mean annual temperature is below 0°C.

The two main types of permafrost are continuous and discontinuous. Continuous permafrost is found in areas where the ground is frozen all year round, while discontinuous permafrost is found in areas where the ground thaws during the summer months.

Thawing is the process of permafrost melting. When the ground temperature rises above 0°C, the permafrost begins to thaw.

Permafrost thawing is caused by a combination of climate change, human activities, and natural variability. Climate change is the main driver of permafrost thawing, but human activities, such as mining and oil and gas development, can also contribute to thawing.

Permafrost thawing has a number of consequences, including the release of greenhouse gases, changes in vegetation, and ground subsidence. The release of greenhouse gases from thawing permafrost can contribute to climate change, which in turn leads to more permafrost thawing. Changes in vegetation can occur as permafrost thaws, with new plant species moving into areas that were previously too cold for them to grow. Ground subsidence can occur as permafrost thaws, which can damage infrastructure and disrupt ecosystems.

There are a number of ways to mitigate the impacts of permafrost thawing, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting and restoring permafrost ecosystems, and developing and implementing adaptation strategies. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions will help to slow the rate of climate change and reduce the amount of permafrost that thaws. Protecting and restoring permafrost ecosystems can help to maintain the integrity of these ecosystems and reduce the release of greenhouse gases. Developing and implementing adaptation strategies can help communities and ecosystems to adapt to the impacts of permafrost thawing.

Adaptability is the ability of an ecosystem to adapt to changes in its environment. This can include changes in climate, land use, or other factors.

Permafrost ecosystems can adapt to changes in their environment in a number of ways, including changing the composition of plant and animal species, migrating to new areas, and changing their behavior. For example, some plant species may become more dominant in permafrost ecosystems as the climate warms, while other species may decline. Some animal species may move to new areas as their habitat changes, while others may change their behavior to adapt to the new conditions.

There are a number of challenges to studying resilience in permafrost environments, including the remote and inaccessible nature of many permafrost regions, the long-term nature of permafrost changes, and the difficulty in measuring and monitoring permafrost conditions. These challenges make it difficult to collect data on permafrost ecosystems and to understand how they are responding to changes in their environment.

There are a number of research priorities for studying resilience in permafrost environments, including understanding the processes that control permafrost thaw and freeze, developing methods for monitoring and measuring permafrost conditions, and studying the impacts of permafrost thaw on ecosystems and communities. This research is essential for developing strategies to mitigate the impacts of permafrost thaw and to help communities and ecosystems adapt to the changing climate.

Resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to recover from disturbances and maintain its structure and function.

Adaptability is the ability of an ecosystem to adapt to changes in its environment. This can include changes in climate, land use, or other factors.