Classical test theory focuses on measuring individual differences in ability or achievement, assuming that these differences are relatively stable and can be quantified.

Social constructivism emphasizes the role of social interaction and cultural context in shaping individuals' learning and understanding, and argues that assessment should reflect these factors.

Criterion-referenced assessment focuses on comparing students' performance to a predetermined standard or criterion, rather than comparing them to each other.

Portfolio assessment involves collecting a variety of student work samples that demonstrate their learning and progress over time, and is often used to assess authentic learning outcomes.

Formative assessment is designed to provide feedback to students during the learning process, allowing them to identify areas where they need improvement and make adjustments accordingly.

Triangulation involves using multiple sources of evidence, such as observations, interviews, and document analysis, to gain a more comprehensive understanding of a student's learning and achievement.

Norm-referenced assessment compares students' performance to each other, providing information about their relative standing within a group, but it does not provide information about their absolute performance or mastery of the learning objectives.

Self-assessment involves students reflecting on their own learning and progress, identifying areas where they need improvement, and setting goals for future learning.

Summative assessment is designed to measure students' achievement at the end of a unit or course, typically resulting in a grade or evaluation of their overall performance.

Validity theory focuses on the extent to which an assessment measures what it is intended to measure, considering the purpose and intended use of the assessment results.

Standardized testing is often criticized for being too narrow and focusing on a limited range of skills and abilities, neglecting important aspects of learning such as critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving.

Computer-based testing involves using computers to deliver, score, and provide feedback on assessments, allowing for more efficient and flexible assessment processes.

Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of an assessment, ensuring that it produces similar results when administered multiple times to the same individuals under similar conditions.

Social justice assessment focuses on the ethical and social implications of assessment practices, aiming to promote fairness, equity, and inclusivity in assessment.

Validity refers to the extent to which an assessment measures what it is intended to measure, ensuring that the results are meaningful and accurate.