Steel structures are designed to fulfill multiple functions, including providing support and stability, resisting lateral forces, and transferring loads to the foundation.

High-strength steel is commonly used in structural applications due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, which allows for lighter and more efficient designs.

Bolted connections are widely used in steel structures due to their ease of installation, reversibility, and ability to accommodate movement.

Bracing is used in steel structures to resist lateral forces such as wind and earthquakes, ensuring the stability and integrity of the structure.

Limit State Design (LSD) is widely used for steel structures as it considers various limit states, including strength, serviceability, and stability, to ensure the safety and performance of the structure.

The cross-sectional dimensions of steel members are primarily determined based on their bending strength to ensure adequate resistance to bending moments.

H-beams, also known as wide-flange beams, are commonly used for long-span structures due to their high strength, stability, and ability to carry heavy loads.

Stiffeners are used in steel structures to increase the strength, prevent buckling, and improve the stability of members, particularly in areas subjected to high stresses or loads.

Hollow square columns are commonly used in high-rise buildings due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, ability to resist buckling, and efficient use of material.

Fireproofing is applied to steel structures to increase their fire resistance and protect them from the effects of fire, ensuring the safety of occupants and the integrity of the structure.

Welded connections are suitable for transferring heavy loads due to their high strength and ability to create a continuous connection between members.

Gusset plates are used in steel structures to connect members at an angle, reinforce joints and connections, and provide additional support to beams and columns.

Truss bridges are commonly used for bridges due to their ability to span long distances, their structural efficiency, and their ability to carry heavy loads.

Camber is provided in steel beams to compensate for the deflection that occurs under load, ensuring that the beam remains level and within acceptable limits.

Portal frames are commonly used for industrial buildings due to their ability to provide clear spans, accommodate large openings, and resist lateral forces.