Remote sensing provides valuable data and information for monitoring environmental changes, assessing natural resources, and planning and managing land use, all of which are crucial for sustainable development.

GIS helps to avoid data duplication by providing a central repository for data, which can be shared and used by multiple stakeholders.

Remote sensing can be used to detect changes in forest cover, measure the rate of deforestation, and identify the causes of deforestation, such as logging, agriculture, and mining.

GIS can be used to identify suitable areas for development, assess the impact of land use changes, and develop land use plans that promote sustainable development.

Remote sensing can be used to measure the extent of water bodies, monitor water quality, and estimate water use, providing valuable information for water resources management.

Transportation planning is not typically considered an application of GIS in sustainable development, although GIS can be used to support transportation planning in some cases.

Remote sensing can be used to measure the concentration of air pollutants, identify the sources of air pollution, and assess the impact of air pollution on human health.

GIS can be used to identify vulnerable areas, assess the impacts of climate change, and develop adaptation strategies, all of which are crucial for climate change adaptation.

Remote sensing can be used to measure the rate of soil erosion, identify the areas most susceptible to soil erosion, and assess the impact of soil erosion on agricultural productivity.

Remote sensing and GIS can help to reduce data inconsistency by providing a central repository for data and ensuring that data is consistent and accurate.

GIS can be used to track the spread of diseases, identify areas with high rates of disease, and develop public health interventions, all of which are crucial for protecting public health.

Remote sensing can be used to assess the extent of damage, identify vulnerable areas, and develop disaster preparedness plans, all of which are crucial for disaster management.

GIS can be used to identify suitable areas for agriculture, assess the impact of agriculture on the environment, and develop sustainable agricultural practices, all of which are crucial for sustainable agriculture.

Data accessibility is not typically considered a challenge associated with the use of remote sensing and GIS in sustainable development, as data is generally available and accessible to users.

Remote sensing can be used to measure the extent of urban areas, identify the rate of urban growth, and assess the impact of urban growth on the environment.