The primary objective of geotechnical engineering is to ensure the stability and safety of structures by evaluating soil conditions, designing foundations, and implementing earthwork and groundwater control measures.

Shear strength is the soil property that determines its resistance to deformation and failure under applied loads. It is crucial for evaluating the bearing capacity of foundations, which is the maximum load that the soil can support without excessive settlement or failure.

A soil investigation is conducted to determine the soil type and its engineering properties, such as shear strength, compressibility, and permeability. This information is essential for designing foundations, earthworks, and other geotechnical aspects of the construction project.

Pile foundations are commonly used for structures built on soft or loose soils because they transfer the load of the structure to deeper, more stable soil layers. Piles are long, slender structural elements that are driven into the ground to provide support for the foundation.

Dewatering is a process of removing water from soil to facilitate excavation and construction activities. It is commonly used in areas with high groundwater levels or where soil conditions are unstable due to excessive moisture.

Ground improvement techniques are used to enhance the engineering properties of weak soils and improve their bearing capacity. These techniques include deep soil mixing, jet grouting, vibro-compaction, and dynamic compaction.

Retaining walls are structures designed to support excavations and prevent soil collapse. They are commonly used in areas with steep slopes or where excavation is necessary for construction projects.

Sand is the soil type most susceptible to liquefaction during an earthquake. Liquefaction occurs when loose, saturated sand loses its strength and behaves like a liquid due to the shaking caused by an earthquake.

Geosynthetics, such as geotextiles and geogrids, are used in geotechnical engineering to reinforce soil and improve its stability. They are commonly employed in applications such as retaining walls, embankments, and slopes.

Auger Boring is a geotechnical investigation method that involves drilling boreholes into the ground using an auger to obtain soil samples. These samples are then analyzed in a laboratory to determine their engineering properties.

Soil compaction is a process of increasing soil density by reducing its void ratio. This is achieved by applying mechanical energy to the soil, typically through the use of rollers or tampers. Compaction improves soil strength, bearing capacity, and reduces its permeability.

An inclinometer is a geotechnical monitoring technique that involves measuring the movement of structures or soil using sensors. It is commonly used to monitor the stability of slopes, embankments, and retaining walls.

Geomembranes are impermeable barriers used in geotechnical engineering to prevent the migration of contaminants in landfills, hazardous waste disposal sites, and other environmental applications.

Cohesion is the soil property that primarily contributes to its shear strength. Cohesion is the force that holds soil particles together and resists their movement relative to each other.

Geogrids are geosynthetics used in geotechnical engineering to reinforce soil and improve its tensile strength. They are commonly employed in applications such as retaining walls, embankments, and slopes.