Nonparametric statistics primarily focuses on making inferences about the distribution of a population without assuming a specific parametric form.

The Mann-Whitney U test is a nonparametric test used to compare two independent groups when the data is ordinal or continuous but not normally distributed.

Rank-based methods are used in nonparametric statistics to eliminate the effect of outliers and make the analysis more robust to extreme values.

The Wilcoxon rank-sum test is a nonparametric test used to compare the medians of two independent groups when the data is ordinal or continuous but not normally distributed.

Nonparametric tests are less sensitive to outliers and extreme values compared to parametric tests, making them more robust in the presence of non-normal data.

The Chi-square test is a nonparametric test used to test the independence of two categorical variables or the goodness of fit of a sample to a specified distribution.

Permutation tests are used in nonparametric statistics to generate a sampling distribution under the null hypothesis by randomly shuffling the data and recalculating the test statistic.

Levene's test is a nonparametric test used to test the equality of variances between two independent groups when the data is continuous but not necessarily normally distributed.

The Kruskal-Wallis test is a nonparametric test used to compare the medians of three or more independent groups when the data is ordinal or continuous but not normally distributed.

The Chi-square test can be used to test the equality of proportions between two independent groups when the data is categorical.

Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is a nonparametric test used to measure the correlation between two ordinal variables.

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is a nonparametric test used to test the equality of distributions between two independent groups when the data is continuous.

The Runs test is a nonparametric test used to test the randomness of a sample by examining the number of runs (consecutive sequences of the same value) in the data.

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is a nonparametric test used to compare the medians of two paired groups when the data is ordinal or continuous but not normally distributed.

Pearson's chi-square test is a nonparametric test used to test the association between two categorical variables.