Randomized algorithms aim to improve the average-case performance of an algorithm by introducing randomness, often leading to better efficiency on average.

The Miller-Rabin primality test is an example of a Las Vegas algorithm because it always produces a correct answer (if the number is prime, it will always say so), but it may sometimes give an incorrect answer (if the number is composite, it may incorrectly say that it is prime).

The Monte Carlo method is a technique that uses random sampling to obtain approximate solutions to problems that are too complex to be solved exactly.

Randomized algorithms do not always produce the optimal solution, but they often provide good approximate solutions.

Monte Carlo integration is a technique that uses random sampling to estimate the value of a definite integral.

A skip list is an example of a randomized data structure because it uses randomness to determine the placement of elements in the list, resulting in improved average-case performance.

The expected running time of the randomized QuickSort algorithm is O(n log n), which is significantly better than the worst-case time complexity of O(n^2).

Randomized algorithms are used in cryptography to generate random keys, which are essential for ensuring the security of cryptographic systems.

Reservoir sampling is a technique that uses random sampling to select a subset of elements from a large population, ensuring that each element has an equal chance of being selected.

Randomized Prim's algorithm is a randomized version of Prim's algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree of a graph, which often provides better average-case performance.

The capture-recapture method is a technique that uses random sampling to estimate the size of a large population, often used in ecological studies.

Randomized approximation algorithms are used to find approximate solutions to NP-hard problems, such as finding the maximum independent set of a graph.

The Fisher-Yates shuffle is a technique that uses random sampling to generate a random permutation of a sequence, often used in algorithms and simulations.

Randomized routing algorithms are used to find approximate shortest paths between two nodes in a graph, often providing better average-case performance.

The Monte Carlo method is a technique that uses random sampling to estimate the value of a statistical parameter, such as the mean or variance of a population.