In ancient Rome, verbal contracts, known as "stipulationes," held legal force and were enforceable in court.

Lord Mansfield, through his influential decisions in the 18th century, played a pivotal role in shaping the principles and doctrines of modern contract law.

Promissory estoppel is a legal doctrine that prevents a party from going back on a promise if the other party has reasonably relied on that promise to their detriment.

In Rann v. Hughes (1778), the English courts held that a promise without consideration is not legally enforceable.

Rescission is a legal remedy that allows a party to cancel a contract and restore the parties to their pre-contractual positions.

Frustration of purpose is a legal doctrine that excuses a party from performing a contract if the purpose of the contract has been frustrated by an unforeseen event.

Damages are a legal remedy that compensates a party for losses suffered as a result of a breach of contract.

Strict liability is a legal doctrine that holds a party liable for damages even if they did not intend to cause harm.

Termination for breach is a legal remedy that allows a party to end a contract if the other party fails to perform their obligations.

Strict liability is a legal doctrine that holds a party liable for damages even if they did not intend to cause harm and were not negligent.

Restitution is a legal remedy that allows a party to recover the value of benefits conferred on the other party in the event of a breach of contract.

Impossibility of performance is a legal doctrine that excuses a party from performing a contract if performance has become impossible due to an unforeseen event.

Specific performance is a legal remedy that orders a party to perform their contractual obligations.

Nominal damages are a legal remedy that awards a small sum of money to a party who has suffered a breach of contract, even if they have not suffered any actual damages.