The Arthashastra, written by Kautilya, is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft and political philosophy. It extensively discusses the concept of justice and the role of the state in upholding it.

In the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna teaches Arjuna that the ultimate goal of human life is to attain moksha, or liberation from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth.

The Nyaya school of Indian philosophy emphasizes the importance of pramana, or valid knowledge, as the foundation for understanding reality and achieving liberation.

The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad is one of the oldest and most important Upanishads, known for its profound exploration of the concept of Brahman as the ultimate reality and the unity of all existence.

The Mimamsa school of Indian philosophy primarily focuses on the study of rituals and the interpretation of sacred texts, particularly the Vedas, with the aim of understanding their significance and application in religious and social life.

Adi Shankara is considered one of the greatest philosophers in Indian history. He is known for his theory of Advaita Vedanta, which emphasizes the non-dual nature of reality and the unity of the individual self (Atman) with the universal self (Brahman).

The Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism emphasizes bhakti, or devotion, as the primary means of achieving spiritual liberation. This devotion is directed towards Vishnu or one of his avatars, such as Krishna or Rama.

Madhva is known for his theory of Dvaita Vedanta, which emphasizes the dual nature of reality. He posits that there are three eternal and distinct entities: God, individual souls, and the material world.

The Samkhya school of Indian philosophy primarily focuses on metaphysics and ontology, exploring the fundamental principles of reality and the nature of existence.

Ramanuja is known for his theory of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, which emphasizes the qualified non-dual nature of reality. He posits that Brahman is the ultimate reality and that individual souls and the material world exist within Brahman as distinct entities.

The Yoga school of Indian philosophy primarily focuses on meditation and spiritual practices as a means of achieving liberation and self-realization.

Nimbarka is known for his theory of Bhedabheda Vedanta, which emphasizes the simultaneous unity and difference of reality. He posits that Brahman is the ultimate reality and that individual souls and the material world are both distinct from and non-distinct from Brahman.

The Vedanta school of Indian philosophy emphasizes the concept of Brahman as the ultimate reality and the unity of all existence.

Madhva is known for his theory of Satkaryavada, which emphasizes that the effect is pre-existent in the cause. He posits that the material world is a transformation of Brahman and that individual souls are eternal and distinct from Brahman.

The Charvaka school of Indian philosophy emphasizes materialism and hedonism, rejecting the concept of an afterlife and advocating for the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good.