Marxist theory emphasizes the role of economic factors, particularly the ownership of capital, in determining an individual's social status.

Functionalist theory argues that social stratification serves to maintain social order by ensuring that different societal roles are filled and that individuals are motivated to perform their roles effectively.

Modernization theory emphasizes the role of technological innovation and economic development in driving social change, leading to a more advanced and industrialized society.

Dependency theory argues that developed countries exploit underdeveloped countries through economic and political mechanisms, leading to the perpetuation of underdevelopment.

Cultural materialism emphasizes the role of culture and ideology in shaping social change, arguing that changes in material conditions lead to changes in cultural beliefs and values, which in turn drive social change.

Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals from one social class to another, either upward or downward.

World-systems theory emphasizes the role of global interconnectedness and interdependence in driving social change, arguing that the world economy is a single system in which different countries play different roles.

Postmodern theory argues that knowledge is a form of power, as it can be used to control and influence others.

Social movement theory emphasizes the role of social movements and collective action in driving social change, arguing that social movements can challenge existing power structures and bring about social change.

Social evolution refers to the process by which social change occurs gradually over time, through a process of adaptation and change.

Rational choice theory emphasizes the role of individual agency and choice in driving social change, arguing that individuals make rational choices based on their own self-interest.

Social revolution refers to the process by which social change occurs rapidly and disruptively, often involving the overthrow of existing power structures.

Institutional theory emphasizes the role of institutions and organizations in shaping social change, arguing that institutions and organizations can create and reinforce social norms and values that shape individual behavior.

Cultural diffusion refers to the process by which social change occurs through the diffusion of ideas, technologies, and practices from one society to another.

Conflict theory emphasizes the role of conflict and power struggles in driving social change, arguing that social change occurs as different groups compete for resources and power.