During the Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau began to argue that children were not simply small adults, but rather had their own unique needs and developmental stages.

In pre-industrial societies, children were often seen as a source of labor, and they were expected to contribute to the family economy from a young age.

The upper class was most likely to have a separate sphere for children because they had the resources to do so. This sphere often included a nursery, a schoolroom, and a playroom.

The Industrial Revolution led to an increase in child labor because factories needed cheap labor, and children were often seen as a source of cheap labor.

Thomas Barnardo was a leading advocate for the rights of children in the 19th century. He founded a number of homes for homeless children and campaigned for legislation to protect children from abuse and neglect.

The Progressive Era led to a decline in child labor because of the efforts of social reformers and the passage of legislation to protect children from exploitation.

World War II had a profound impact on the way childhood was viewed in the 20th century. The war led to a greater awareness of the vulnerability of children and the need to protect them from harm.

The baby boom led to an increase in the number of children in schools because there were more children being born during this time period.

The women's movement had a significant impact on the way childhood was viewed in the 1960s and 1970s. The movement led to a greater awareness of the importance of child care and the need for policies to support working mothers.

The AIDS crisis led to a shift from traditional to nontraditional families because many children were orphaned by the disease and were raised by extended family members or foster parents.

The rise of the internet has had a significant impact on childhood in the 21st century. The internet has changed the way children learn, play, and socialize.

Childhood is a time of both joy and hardship. Children experience a wide range of emotions, from happiness and joy to sadness and fear. They also face a number of challenges, such as poverty, abuse, and neglect.

Children in the 21st century face a number of challenges, including poverty, abuse, and neglect. These challenges can have a devastating impact on children's lives.

There are a number of things that can be done to improve the lives of children around the world, including investing in education, providing access to healthcare, and combating poverty.