In desert regions, where extreme temperatures and limited resources are common, the primary goal of architecture is to design structures that minimize energy consumption and maximize thermal comfort.

Adobe, a mixture of clay, sand, and straw, is a traditional building material used in desert regions. Its thick walls provide excellent thermal insulation, helping to keep interiors cool during the day and warm at night.

Courtyards in desert architecture are designed to promote natural ventilation. By creating a central open space, air can circulate more freely, helping to cool the building and reduce the need for mechanical cooling systems.

Overhangs, or projecting roof eaves, are designed to shade windows and walls from direct sunlight. This helps to reduce heat gain and keep the interior of the building cooler.

Wind towers, also known as malqafs, are vertical structures designed to capture and direct wind into the building. This creates a natural ventilation system, helping to cool the interior and reduce the need for mechanical cooling.

Vernacular architecture refers to the traditional building practices and materials used in a particular region. In desert regions, vernacular architecture often incorporates local materials and construction techniques that are adapted to the harsh climate and limited resources.

Thermal mass refers to the ability of a material to absorb and release heat. In desert architecture, materials with high thermal mass, such as stone and adobe, are used to absorb heat during the day and release it at night, helping to regulate indoor temperatures.

Art Deco, an architectural style popular in the 1920s and 1930s, is known for its use of geometric shapes, bold colors, and stylized ornamentation. In desert architecture, Art Deco elements can be seen in the design of hotels, casinos, and other public buildings.

Water features, such as fountains and pools, are often incorporated into desert architecture to create a cooling effect. As water evaporates, it absorbs heat from the surrounding air, helping to lower the temperature.

Shutters are movable panels that can be opened or closed to control the amount of sunlight entering a building. In desert architecture, shutters are commonly used to block out direct sunlight during the hottest hours of the day.

Landscaping in desert architecture is primarily designed to provide shade and reduce heat gain. Trees, shrubs, and other plants are strategically placed to block direct sunlight and create cooler microclimates around the building.

Flat roofs are commonly used in desert architecture because they minimize the surface area exposed to direct sunlight. This helps to reduce heat transfer and keep the interior of the building cooler.

Thermal insulation is used in desert architecture to minimize heat gain during the hot summer months. Insulation materials are installed in walls, roofs, and floors to reduce the transfer of heat from the outside environment into the building.

Arcades, covered walkways with open sides, are commonly used in desert architecture to create shaded outdoor spaces. They provide protection from the sun and heat while allowing for natural ventilation.

Sustainable design in desert architecture aims to minimize the use of non-renewable resources, such as energy and water, and reduce the environmental impact of the building throughout its lifecycle.