The Outer Space Treaty, adopted in 1967, is the primary international treaty that governs the use of outer space. It prohibits the placement of weapons of mass destruction in orbit around Earth or on celestial bodies.

Article IV of the Outer Space Treaty states that 'States Parties to the Treaty undertake not to place in orbit around the Earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner.'

The potential for accidental or unauthorized use of weapons in space is a major ethical concern. The vast distances and complex nature of space operations increase the risk of miscalculation or technical failures that could lead to unintended consequences.

Space junk, space debris, and orbital debris are all terms used to describe the accumulation of man-made objects, such as defunct satellites, rocket boosters, and fragments of spacecraft, in Earth's orbit.

Space debris poses a threat to satellites and spacecraft by causing collisions and damage, interfering with communications and navigation, and creating a hazardous environment for astronauts conducting spacewalks or working on the International Space Station.

The Soviet Union was the first country to launch an artificial satellite into space. Sputnik 1 was launched on October 4, 1957, marking the beginning of the space age.

Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut, became the first human to travel into space on April 12, 1961, aboard the Vostok 1 spacecraft.

The United States was the first country to successfully land humans on the moon. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the lunar surface on July 20, 1969, during the Apollo 11 mission.

The International Space Station (ISS) is a modular space station in low Earth orbit. It has been continuously inhabited by humans since 2000 and is a joint project of multiple countries, including the United States, Russia, Japan, Canada, and the European Space Agency.

The United States has the largest number of active satellites in orbit around Earth, with over 2,500 satellites, followed by China with over 400 satellites.

SpaceX, founded by Elon Musk, was the first private company to launch a spacecraft into orbit. In 2010, SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket successfully launched the Dragon spacecraft into orbit, marking a significant milestone in the commercial space industry.

The United States has the largest space budget, with over $20 billion allocated to NASA in 2023. China is the second largest spender on space, with a budget of over $10 billion.

The Artemis Program is a NASA-led mission that aims to send the first humans to Mars by 2030. The program includes a series of missions to the moon as a stepping stone to Mars.

The United States has the most powerful space telescope, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Launched in 2021, the JWST is a next-generation space telescope that will study the universe in infrared light, allowing astronomers to observe some of the most distant and oldest objects in the universe.