In Indian mythology, the Milky Way is known as the "Akash Ganga" or "Heavenly River" and is considered to be the abode of Lord Vishnu, the supreme deity of the Vaishnava tradition.

Aryabhata, a renowned Indian astronomer and mathematician of the 5th century CE, is credited with first proposing the idea that the Milky Way is not a continuous luminous band but rather a collection of countless stars.

The Andromeda Galaxy, also known as Messier 31 or M31, is the closest major galaxy to the Milky Way. It is located approximately 2.5 million light-years away and is visible to the naked eye under dark skies.

Meghnad Saha, a renowned Indian astrophysicist of the 20th century, made significant contributions to the study of extragalactic nebulae, including the Andromeda Galaxy. He proposed the idea that the spiral structure of galaxies is due to the rotation of the stars within them.

The Sombrero Galaxy, also known as Messier 104 or M104, is a prominent barred spiral galaxy located approximately 28 million light-years away. It is known for its distinctive sombrero-like appearance, with a bright central bulge surrounded by a dark dust lane and a faint outer disk.

Harlow Shapley, an American astronomer who worked in India during the early 20th century, proposed the idea that galaxies are not fixed in space but are moving away from each other. This concept later became known as the expanding universe theory.

The Whirlpool Galaxy, also known as Messier 51 or M51, is a prominent grand design spiral galaxy located approximately 23 million light-years away. It is known for its distinctive whirlpool-like structure, with two spiral arms emanating from a bright central nucleus.

Jayant Narlikar, a renowned Indian cosmologist and astrophysicist, made significant contributions to the study of the structure and evolution of galaxies. He proposed the idea of a "steady state" universe, in which new matter is continuously created to balance the expansion of the universe.

The Cartwheel Galaxy, also known as ESO 350-40, is a prominent ring galaxy located approximately 500 million light-years away. It is known for its distinctive cartwheel-like appearance, with a bright central ring surrounded by a series of concentric rings.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, a renowned Indian astrophysicist and Nobel laureate, proposed the idea of a "pulsating universe", in which the universe expands and contracts in a cyclical manner. This concept is also known as the "oscillating universe" theory.

Centaurus A, also known as NGC 5128, is a prominent active galaxy located approximately 12 million light-years away. It is known for its active galactic nucleus, which emits powerful radio jets and X-rays.

T. G. K. Menon, a renowned Indian astrophysicist, made significant contributions to the study of the dynamics of galaxies and the formation of spiral arms. He proposed a theory that spiral arms are formed due to the interaction between the gravitational field of the galaxy and the interstellar gas within it.

M83, also known as the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy, is a prominent barred spiral galaxy located approximately 15 million light-years away. It is known for its prominent dust lanes and star-forming regions, which give it a distinctive appearance.

Ramana Athreya, a renowned Indian astrophysicist, made significant contributions to the study of the evolution of galaxies and the formation of elliptical galaxies. He proposed a theory that elliptical galaxies are formed through the merger of smaller galaxies.

Starburst Galaxy, also known as Messier 82 or M82, is a prominent star-forming galaxy located approximately 12 million light-years away. It is known for its prominent blue color and high rate of star formation, which is thought to be triggered by a recent interaction with another galaxy.