Mechanical recycling involves melting and reshaping plastic waste into new products, such as bottles, containers, and fibers.

Anaerobic digestion is a biological process that breaks down organic waste in the absence of oxygen, producing biogas (methane and carbon dioxide) as a byproduct.

Concrete can be crushed and reused as an aggregate in new concrete mixtures, reducing the need for virgin materials.

Devulcanization is a process that breaks down the chemical bonds in tire rubber, allowing it to be reused in the production of new tires or other rubber products.

Refurbishment involves repairing and restoring electronic devices to a functional state, extending their lifespan and reducing the need for new devices.

Transesterification is a chemical process that converts triglycerides in waste cooking oil into fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerol.

Mechanical recycling involves breaking down paper waste into fibers and reprocessing it into new paper products.

Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process that breaks down plastic waste into smaller molecules, producing a mixture of gases, liquids, and solids that can be used as fuel.

Mechanical recycling involves crushing and melting glass waste to produce new glass products, such as bottles, jars, and fiberglass.

Carbonization is a thermochemical process that converts biomass into a solid fuel called biochar by heating it in the absence of oxygen.

Mechanical recycling involves melting and reshaping metal waste into new metal products, such as sheets, rods, and wires.

Gasification is a thermochemical process that converts wood waste into a mixture of gases (syngas) that can be used as fuel or as a feedstock for chemical synthesis.

Composting is a biological process that converts organic waste, including food waste, into a nutrient-rich soil amendment.

Chemical recycling involves breaking down plastic waste into its constituent molecules, which can then be used to produce new chemicals and materials.

Mechanical recycling involves crushing and processing construction and demolition waste into aggregates and other materials that can be used in new construction projects.