An acid is a substance that donates a proton (H+ ion) when dissolved in water. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid that donates a proton to form hydrogen ions (H+).

A base is a substance that accepts a proton (H+ ion) when dissolved in water. Ammonia (NH3) is a weak base that accepts a proton to form ammonium ions (NH4+).

The pH of a neutral solution is 7. A pH value below 7 indicates an acidic solution, while a pH value above 7 indicates a basic solution.

The pH of a solution can be calculated using the formula pH = -log[H+]. For a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 1 x 10^-4 M, the pH is -log(1 x 10^-4) = 4.

The pH of a solution can also be calculated using the formula pH = 14 - log[OH-]. For a solution with a hydroxide ion concentration of 1 x 10^-3 M, the pH is 14 - log(1 x 10^-3) = 11.

A neutralization reaction is a reaction between an acid and a base that results in the formation of a salt and water. In the given reaction, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is an acid and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a base. The reaction produces sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H2O).

The conjugate acid of a base is the species that is formed when the base accepts a proton. When ammonia (NH3) accepts a proton, it forms ammonium ion (NH4+).

The conjugate base of an acid is the species that is formed when the acid donates a proton. When hydrochloric acid (HCl) donates a proton, it forms chloride ion (Cl-).

A strong acid is an acid that completely dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions (H+) and its conjugate base. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid that completely dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions and chloride ions.

A weak acid is an acid that partially dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions (H+) and its conjugate base. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a weak acid that partially dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions and acetate ions.

A strong base is a base that completely dissociates in water to form hydroxide ions (OH-) and its conjugate acid. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base that completely dissociates in water to form hydroxide ions and sodium ions.

A weak base is a base that partially dissociates in water to form hydroxide ions (OH-) and its conjugate acid. Ammonia (NH3) is a weak base that partially dissociates in water to form hydroxide ions and ammonium ions.

The pH of a solution can be calculated using the formula pH = -log[H+]. For a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.01 M, the pH is -log(0.01) = 2.

The pH of a solution can also be calculated using the formula pH = 14 - log[OH-]. For a solution with a hydroxide ion concentration of 0.001 M, the pH is 14 - log(0.001) = 12.

Acid-base indicators are substances that change color in response to changes in pH. Phenolphthalein, methyl orange, and litmus are all examples of acid-base indicators.