Polymer characterization is primarily conducted to assess the physical and mechanical properties of a polymer, such as its tensile strength, modulus, elongation at break, glass transition temperature, and melting point.

Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is a widely used technique for determining the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of polymers. It separates polymer molecules based on their size and allows for the determination of average molecular weight and polydispersity index.

The glass transition temperature (Tg) is the temperature at which a polymer transitions from a rubbery state to a glassy state. Below Tg, the polymer becomes brittle and glassy, while above Tg, it becomes soft and rubbery.

Tensile testing is a mechanical test used to determine the tensile strength and elongation at break of a polymer. It involves applying a tensile force to a specimen until it breaks and measuring the force and elongation at the point of failure.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique used to determine the melting point, glass transition temperature, and other thermal transitions in a polymer. It involves measuring the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated or cooled at a controlled rate.

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a technique that measures the absorption of infrared radiation by a polymer. The absorption spectrum provides information about the chemical structure and functional groups present in the polymer.

Impact testing is a mechanical test used to evaluate the impact resistance of a polymer. It involves subjecting a specimen to a sudden impact force and measuring the energy absorbed or the damage caused by the impact.

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a thermal analysis technique used to determine the thermal stability of a polymer. It involves measuring the weight loss of a sample as it is heated at a controlled rate and can provide information about the decomposition temperature and thermal degradation mechanisms.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a technique commonly used to determine the crystallinity of a polymer. It involves irradiating a sample with X-rays and analyzing the diffraction pattern to obtain information about the crystal structure and degree of crystallinity.

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is a technique used to measure the viscoelastic properties of a polymer. It involves applying a sinusoidal stress or strain to a sample and measuring the resulting strain or stress response. DMA provides information about the storage modulus, loss modulus, and tan delta, which are important parameters for understanding the viscoelastic behavior of polymers.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a technique that measures the absorption of nuclear magnetic resonance radiation by a polymer. The NMR spectrum provides information about the chemical structure, molecular weight, and dynamics of the polymer.

Flexural testing is a mechanical test used to evaluate the flexural strength and modulus of a polymer. It involves applying a load to a specimen supported at two points and measuring the deflection and load at the point of failure.

Melt flow index (MFI) testing is a technique used to determine the flow properties of a polymer. It involves extruding a molten polymer through a die at a specified temperature and pressure and measuring the mass of the extrudate collected over a given time. MFI provides information about the melt viscosity and processability of the polymer.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a technique commonly used to determine the surface morphology of a polymer. It involves scanning the surface of a sample with a focused beam of electrons and collecting the secondary electrons emitted from the surface. SEM provides high-resolution images that allow for the visualization of surface features and topography.

Rheological testing is a technique used to measure the flow properties of a polymer. It involves applying a controlled stress or strain to a sample and measuring the resulting strain or stress response. Rheological testing provides information about the viscosity, elasticity, and viscoelastic properties of the polymer.