The circular economy approach aims to keep resources in use for as long as possible, extracting the maximum value from them while minimizing waste and pollution.

Anaerobic digestion is a process that breaks down organic matter in the absence of oxygen, producing biogas (methane and carbon dioxide) and digestate (a nutrient-rich fertilizer).

E-waste recycling involves recovering valuable materials, such as metals, plastics, and precious metals, from electronic waste through various processes like dismantling, shredding, and smelting.

LDPE is widely used in single-use packaging due to its flexibility and low cost, but it is challenging to recycle due to its low melting point and contamination issues.

Plastic pyrolysis involves heating waste plastics in the absence of oxygen to break them down into smaller molecules, producing fuel, chemicals, and other valuable products.

CCS involves capturing carbon dioxide emissions from industrial sources and storing them underground or in geological formations to prevent their release into the atmosphere.

Biomass gasification involves heating biomass in a controlled environment with limited oxygen to produce a combustible gas mixture called syngas, which can be used to generate electricity or produce liquid fuels.

Industrial waste can contain hazardous substances, such as heavy metals, chemicals, and solvents, which pose risks to human health and the environment and require specialized treatment and disposal methods.

Construction and demolition waste recycling involves recovering materials like concrete, metal, wood, and gypsum from construction and demolition sites for reuse or recycling.

Composting is a biological process that breaks down organic waste into a nutrient-rich material called compost, which can be used to improve soil structure and fertility.

Incineration involves burning waste at high temperatures to produce heat and electricity, reducing the volume of waste and recovering energy.

PET is widely used in food packaging due to its clarity, strength, and recyclability. It is commonly recycled into new food containers, clothing fibers, and other products.

Agricultural waste recycling involves recovering materials like crop residues, manure, and food processing byproducts for use as animal feed, compost, biofuel, or other valuable products.

Gasification involves heating waste in a controlled environment with limited oxygen to produce a combustible gas mixture called syngas, which can be used to generate electricity or produce liquid fuels and chemicals.

Municipal solid waste recycling involves recovering materials like paper, plastic, metal, and glass from household waste for reuse or recycling.