Antoine Lavoisier is considered the father of modern chemistry because of his contributions to the understanding of combustion, the role of oxygen in chemical reactions, and the law of conservation of mass.

Gold was the first chemical element to be discovered, as it is a naturally occurring element that has been known to humans since ancient times.

Dmitri Mendeleev developed the periodic table of elements in 1869, which is a tabular arrangement of chemical elements organized on the basis of their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.

Sodium bicarbonate is the chemical compound that is commonly known as baking soda. It is a white, crystalline powder that is used as a leavening agent in baking and as an antacid.

J.J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897 through his experiments with cathode rays. He showed that cathode rays were made up of negatively charged particles, which he called electrons.

Sodium chloride is the chemical compound that is commonly known as table salt. It is a white, crystalline solid that is used to flavor food and as a preservative.

Niels Bohr developed the theory of atomic structure in 1913, which proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete energy levels.

Acetic acid is the chemical compound that is commonly known as vinegar. It is a colorless, pungent liquid that is used as a condiment and as a preservative.

James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 through his experiments with beryllium and alpha particles. He showed that neutrons were uncharged particles with a mass that was slightly greater than that of a proton.

Baking powder is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and an acid, such as cream of tartar. When baking powder is mixed with water, the acid and the sodium bicarbonate react to produce carbon dioxide gas, which causes baked goods to rise.

Albert Einstein developed the theory of relativity in the early 20th century. The theory of relativity is a theory of gravity that explains the relationship between space, time, and matter.

Sodium hydroxide is the chemical compound that is commonly known as lye. It is a white, crystalline solid that is used in the manufacture of soap, paper, and textiles.

Ernest Rutherford discovered the proton in 1919 through his experiments with alpha particles and nitrogen atoms. He showed that alpha particles could knock protons out of nitrogen atoms.

Ammonia is the chemical compound that is commonly known as NH3. It is a colorless, pungent gas that is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, explosives, and plastics.

Niels Bohr developed the quantum theory of atoms in 1913, which proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete energy levels. This theory explained the spectrum of light emitted by hydrogen atoms.