Newtonian Mechanics is the mathematical model that describes the motion of celestial bodies under the influence of gravity. It is based on the laws of motion and gravitation formulated by Isaac Newton.

Stellar Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that studies the properties and evolution of stars. It includes the study of stellar structure, stellar atmospheres, stellar evolution, and stellar nucleosynthesis.

Galactic Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that studies the properties and evolution of galaxies. It includes the study of galactic structure, galactic dynamics, and galactic evolution.

Cosmology is the branch of astronomy that studies the properties and evolution of the universe as a whole. It includes the study of the origin and evolution of the universe, the large-scale structure of the universe, and the fundamental laws that govern the universe.

The Standard Model of Cosmology is the mathematical model that describes the evolution of the universe. It is based on the Big Bang Theory, which states that the universe began as a hot, dense singularity about 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.

The Hierarchical Model of Galaxy Formation is the mathematical model that describes the formation and evolution of galaxies. It states that galaxies form through the hierarchical merging of smaller galaxies.

The Star Formation Model is the mathematical model that describes the formation and evolution of stars. It includes the study of the collapse of molecular clouds, the formation of protostars, and the evolution of stars on the main sequence.

The Black Hole Formation Model is the mathematical model that describes the formation and evolution of black holes. It includes the study of the collapse of massive stars, the formation of black holes, and the evolution of black holes in the universe.

The Electromagnetic Radiation Model is the mathematical model that describes the interaction of light with matter. It includes the study of the absorption, emission, and scattering of light by matter.

The Quantum Mechanics Model is the mathematical model that describes the behavior of matter in extreme conditions. It includes the study of the behavior of atoms, molecules, and subatomic particles.

The Statistical Mechanics Model is the mathematical model that describes the behavior of matter in the universe. It includes the study of the behavior of large systems of particles, such as gases, liquids, and solids.

The General Relativity Model is the mathematical model that describes the behavior of space and time. It includes the study of the curvature of spacetime, the motion of objects in spacetime, and the effects of gravity.

The Cosmological Model is the mathematical model that describes the behavior of the universe as a whole. It includes the study of the origin and evolution of the universe, the large-scale structure of the universe, and the fundamental laws that govern the universe.

The Dark Matter Model is the mathematical model that describes the behavior of dark matter. It includes the study of the properties of dark matter, the distribution of dark matter in the universe, and the effects of dark matter on the universe.

The Dark Energy Model is the mathematical model that describes the behavior of dark energy. It includes the study of the properties of dark energy, the distribution of dark energy in the universe, and the effects of dark energy on the universe.